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Physiology > Ion And Water Balance > Flashcards

Ion And Water Balance Flashcards

1
Q

What is osmotic regulation

A

Control of tissue osmotic pressure
The driving force of water across the cell membrane

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2
Q

What is ionic regulation

A

Control of ion concentrations
Control of ion balance in ECF and ICF

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3
Q

What is nitrogen excretion

A

Excretion of ammonia which is toxic
Can be excreted as ammonia, urea, or uric acid

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4
Q

What are ionoconformers

A

Whatever the ion concentration of the environment is, the ion concentration of that organism matches

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5
Q

What are osmoconformers

A

Whatever the osmolarity of the environment is, the osmolarity of the organism will match

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6
Q

What are characteristics of ammonia

A

High solubility in water
Increased tonicity with increased concentration
Aquatic organisms

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7
Q

What are characteristics of urea

A

Less toxic
Good solubility in water
Terrestrial animals

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8
Q

What are characteristics of uric acid

A

No soluble in water
Non toxic
Good at excreting nitrogenous waste without wasting water
Reptiles
More energetically expensive

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9
Q

What are osmoregulators

A

Maintain osmolarity that is different than the surrounding environment

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10
Q

What are ion regulators

A

Maintain ion concentration that is different from surrounding environments

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11
Q

What is the barrier between the animal and environment

A

Epithelial tissue

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12
Q

What is the difference between paracellular and transcellular transport

A

Paracellular is the transport between epithelial cells
Transcellular is transport through the epithelial

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13
Q

What regulates ion and water balance in vertebrates

A

Kidneys

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14
Q

What are extrarenal structures

A

Structures that assist the kidney in ion and water balance

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15
Q

What regulates movement of water across the membrane

A

Ionic concentrations and osmotic pressure

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16
Q

What is a conformer

A

Internal conditions are similar to external conditions

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17
Q

What are regulators

A

They maintain a constant internal state

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18
Q

What is stenohaline

A

Ability to tolerate narrow range of salt concentrations

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19
Q

What is euryhaline

A

Ability to tolerate wide range of salt concentrations

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20
Q

What is dietary water

A

Water obtained from plant and animal tissues
Not all water can be obtained because feces need a certain consistency to move through GI tract

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21
Q

What is metabolic water

A

Water generated as a bi product of oxidative phosphorylation

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22
Q

What are pertruding solutes

A

Disrupt macromolecule function at normal concentrations
Concentrations are different in the ECF vs ICF

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23
Q

What are compatible solutes

A

Little affect on macromolecule function and can accumulate in high levels

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24
Q

What are counteracting solutes

A

Antagonistic relationship between two solutes

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25
Q

What type of regulators are bony fish

A

Ionoregulators and osmoregulators

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26
Q

What happens to water and concentration in saltwater vs freshwater bony fish

A

In saltwater they gain water and lose ions, they drink to account for water loss and pump ions through gills
Freshwater they gain ions and lose water, get rid of excess water via the kidneys and uptake ions in the gills
Water and ions transferred between fish and environment through gills, gut, and skin

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27
Q

What is diadromous

A

Part of life in freshwater and part of life in seawater

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28
Q

What is anadromous

A

Adult life in seawater and migrate to freshwater for reproduction

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29
Q

What is catadromous

A

Adult life in freshwater and migrate to saltwater for reproduction

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30
Q

What are some terrestrial characteristics in regards to ion and water balance

A

They need to limit the amount of water loss
Can’t exchange ions with environment and can’t excrete metabolic waste into water
Integument prevents water loss and there are different ways to excrete ammonia

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31
Q

What hydrophobic molecule covers the surface of the integument

A

Mucus which traps water between the mucus and integument

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32
Q

What are keratinocytes

A

Secrete keratin to form dense hydrophobic ECM
Made up of Stratum corneum and cornification

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33
Q

What does the glycolipid layer of the integument do

A

Covers the stratum corneum and is most prominent in birds and mammals

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34
Q

How can desert animals conserve water

A

They can consume it in excess
They have a thicker stratum corneum

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35
Q

How can respiratory water loss be reduced

A

Through countercurrent heat exchange through enlarged nose

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36
Q

What is ammoniotelism

A

Excretion of ammonia as ammonia
Usually done in amphibians and fish

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37
Q

What is ureotelism

A

Excretion of ammonia as urea
Usually in mammals

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38
Q

What is uricotelism

A

Excretion of ammonia as uric acid
Usually in birds and reptiles

39
Q

When is ammonia typically released

A

During the breakdown of amino acids

40
Q

What is deamination

A

Removal of ammonia
Some amino acids are deaminated directly and others are transferred to glutamate then glutamate is deaminated
This is energetically more expensive

41
Q

NH3 is a form that can dissolve in water, what is this dependent on

A

Partial pressure, solubility, and temperature
Once dissolved it becomes NH4 and the reaction is dependent on pH
Most ammonia is in the form of NH4

42
Q

How can NH3 and NH4 pass through the membrane

A

NH3 uses passive diffusion
NH4 passes through an NH4/H+ anti port channel and K+ channels

43
Q

What excretes ammonia through epithelial tissue

A

Ammonioteles

44
Q

True or false: uric acid can accumulate without toxic effects

A

True

45
Q

What can uric acid be converted into in some mammals

A

Urea

46
Q

How can urea be produced and from where

A

Produced through ornithine urea cycle
Made in the liver and released in the blood
Higher in protein rich diets
Can accumulate to maintain osmotic pressure

47
Q

How many atp per nitrogen in urea and uric acid

A

In urea it’s 2.5 atp per nitrogen
In uric acid it’s 1.75 atp per nitrogen

48
Q

What does the kidney regulate

A

Ion and osmotic balance, blood pressure, ph balance, excretion, hormone production

49
Q

What is a nephron and what is it made of

A

Functional unit of the kidney
Made of renal corpuscle, renal tubule, glomerulus, bowman’s capsule, proximal tubule, loop of henle, distal tubule, and collecting duct

50
Q

What is the renal corpuscle

A

Bowman’s capsule and glomerulus combined
Its where filtration takes place

51
Q

The bowman’s capsule is made of a visceral and parietal layer, what makes up the visceral layer

A

The visceral layer is made of podocytes which have foot processes which loop around the blood vessel
Small slits in between the podocytes are called filtration slits

52
Q

What is the equation for amount secreted

A

Amount secreted = amount filtered+amount secreted-amount reabsorbed

53
Q

What does hydrostatic pressure of blood vessels do to water? What about hydrostatic pressure of the bowman’s capsule

A

HP of blood pushes water out of blood into capillary space
HP of bowman’s capsule pushes stuff into blood vessel

54
Q

What does the osmotic pressure of the blood vessel and bowman’s capsule do

A

OP of blood vessel pulls stuff inward
OP of bowman’s capsule takes stuff out

55
Q

What is the glomerular filtration rate

A

Driven by hydrostatic pressure of capillary
When HP increase GFR increases

56
Q

What happens when blood flow increases in relation to GFR

A

Blood pressure increases which leads to vasoconstriction
This decreases blood flow so a decrease in GFR mechanism

57
Q

Where does filtration occur and how is blood filtered

A

Occurs at glomerulus
Blood is filtered through fenestrations and filtration slits of podocytes

58
Q

What do bowman’s capsules surround and what are podocytes

A

Surround fenestrated capillaries
Podocytes make up the visceral layer of the bowman’s capsule

59
Q

What is the juxtaglomerular apparatus

A

Macula densa monitors blood pressure and leads to vasoconstriction of afferent blood vessel
Mesengial cells detect blood pressure and cause vasoconstriction of capillaries and decrease GFR

60
Q

What happens when afferent arterials constrict

A

Decrease blood flow so decrease HP of capillaries and decrease GFR

61
Q

What happens when the efferent arterials constrict

A

Increase blood volume of glomerulus so increase in HP of capillaries and increase in GFR

62
Q

What do outward pressures do and what are they

A

Promote filtrate formation
HP in glomerular capillaries and colloid osmotic pressure in capsular space

63
Q

What are inward pressures and name the two

A

Oppose filtrate formation
Hydrostatic pressure in capsular space
Colloid osmotic pressure in glomerular capillaries

64
Q

What is oncotic pressure

A

Colloid osmotic pressure when it is referred to as a single pressure because it equals zero

65
Q

How do you find net filtration

A

Outward - inward pressures

66
Q

What is tubuloglomerular feedback

A

Macula densa cells detect increase flow in distal tube so vasoconstriction of afferent arteriole

67
Q

What is mesangial control

A

Mesangial cells detect increase in blood pressure
Vasoconstriction of glomerular capillaries reduces surface area for filtration

68
Q

What are proximal convoluted tubules

A

Location where urine modification starts
Made of epithelium
Secretes carbonic anhydrase
Water and CO2 can be reabsorbed in PCT so they can be converted into bicarbonate and that goes to ECF via Cl antiport channel

69
Q

True or false: a majority of primary urine is reabsorbed

A

True

70
Q

What is solute reabsorption limited by

A

Transport capacity
The renal threshold where blood plasma levels result in ALL recovery of substances

71
Q

What do proximal tubules do

A

Reabsorb salts and organic metabolites
Secrete organic molecules and certain drugs

72
Q

In the loop of henle what is the descending and ascending limbs permeable to

A

Descending limb is permeable to water but not ions, water reabsorbed here
Ascending limb is permeable to ions but not water unless vasopressin is present, NaCl reabsorbed here

73
Q

What does the single affect in the loop of henle create

A

An osmotic gradient between the loop and surrounding ECF
These forces counteract each other causing the other to do more but they DO NOT do countercurrent exchange

74
Q

What is the transmedullary osmotic gradient

A

Established in the medulla
Present in mammals
Creates high osmotic gradient so more water can be absorbed in collecting ducts

75
Q

What does a longer loop of henle mean

A

Stronger gradient and higher osmolarity of urine

76
Q

What can final urine products be

A

Hyperosmotic to blood plasma

77
Q

What does the distal tubule do

A

Mediates K+ secretion
Mediates NaCl reabsorption
Hormone sensitive water recovery

78
Q

How does urea recycling work

A

Urea serves as osmolyte in kidneys
Enters filtrate at ascending limb and enters ECF in collecting duct

79
Q

What does the collecting duct do

A

Involved with water retention
Secretes K+ and reabsorbs Na+
Intercalated cells secrete H+ or HCO3-
Responds to vasopressin which stimulates water retention with aquaporin type II

80
Q

What does vasopressin do

A

Increases the number of aquaporins in the collecting ducts

81
Q

What are vasa rectas

A

Blood vessels that surround the nephron loop
They are permeable to water and solutes so blood in vasa recta is isoosmotic with surrounding ECF

82
Q

What is micturition

A

Urination
Detruser muscle contracts
Internal urethral sphincter opens and external urethral sphincter opens

83
Q

What is aldosterone

A

Regulates Na and K balance
Targets principle cells of distal tubule and collecting ducts
Upregulates transcription of transport proteins

84
Q

What is the renin angiotensin aldosterone pathway

A

Regulates blood pressure
Juxtaglomerular cells secrete renin in response to low BP
Renin converts angiotensinogen into angiotensin I
Angiotensin I converted to angiotensin II via angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE)
Angiotensin II stimulates release of aldosterone from adrenal medulla

85
Q

How does angiotensin II work

A

It acts on the hypothalamus to release vasopressin and make aquaporin type II channels which increases water retention and leads to increase in blood volume and BP
It acts on adrenal cortex to release aldosterone which increases Na retention and increase water retention which leads to increase blood volume and BP

86
Q

What do natriuretic peptides favor and what is an example of one

A

Favor appearance of Na in urine
Atrial natriuretic peptide which is released by the heart in response to stretch which increase BP and blood volume
ANP increases GFR by causing vasodilation of afferent arteriole and causes relaxation of mesangial cells increasing surface area for filtration

87
Q

What is the largest source of acid during aerobic respiration

A

Production of CO2
Blood pH decreases and causes hyperventilation causing PCO2
Decrease in pH causes increase in secretion of H+ and NH4+

88
Q

What does low BP cause, what do baroreceptors cause, and what does a decrease in stretch cause

A

Reduction in filtration and fluid remains in the blood
Increase vasopressin release
Stimulates juxtaglomerular cells to release renin

89
Q

How do chondrichthyan kidneys work

A

90% urine recovered
Body fluids maintained with high urea concentrations
Sharks in dilute waters need to produce more urine

90
Q

How do fish kidneys work

A

Glomerulus large in freshwater species
Produce large volume of hypoosmotic urine

91
Q

How do amphibian kidneys work

A

Pronephros in larvae filtrate from coelom
Mesonephros in adults

92
Q

How do fish gills regulate ions

A

Chloride cells present in gills
Pavement cells regulate Na
Use active transport mechanisms

93
Q

Where are salt glands present and what do they secrete

A

Present in birds and reptiles
Secrete hypoosmotic solution of NaCl

94
Q

What are rectal glands

A

Present in sharks and rays
Function similar to chloride cells in fish

Physiology (13 decks)

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