Neurophysiology

Question 1

What is sensory input

Answer 1

When sensory receptors monitor homeostasis by monitoring changes that occur inside and outside the body

Question 2

What is integration

Answer 2

Processes and interprets sensory input in order to make a decision on if and how to respond

Question 3

What is motor output

Answer 3

Activation of effector organs that causes a response

Question 4

What is the central nervous system made of

Answer 4

Brain and spinal cord
Integrates sensory input and controls responses

Question 5

What is the peripheral nervous system made of

Answer 5

Mostly cranial and spinal nerves outside the CNS

Question 6

What is the sensory or afferent division

Answer 6

Carriers information from the sensory receptors to the CNS for integration
Consists of somatic and visceral nerve fibers

Question 7

What is the motor or efferent division

Answer 7

Transmits impulse away from CNS to effector organs and activates muscles and glands

Question 8

What does the somatic nervous system control

Answer 8

Skeletal muscle
Voluntary

Question 9

What does the autonomic nervous system control

Answer 9

Visceral motor fibers and glands
Involuntary

Question 10

What is the sympathetic division considered

Answer 10

Fight or flight

Question 11

What is the parasympathetic division considered

Answer 11

Rest and digest

Question 12

What is a neuron

Answer 12

Nerve cell that is large and highly specialized that conducts messages
They have extreme longevity and are amitotic
Hey have high metabolic rate so they need a constant supply of O2

Question 13

What does retrograde mean

Answer 13

Movement toward cell body

Question 14

What is anterograde

Answer 14

Movement away from cell body

Question 15

Are multipolar neurons efferent or afferent and what do they have

Answer 15

Efferent and they have multiple dendrites and one single axon

Question 16

What kind of neuron is a bipolar neuron and what do they have

Answer 16

Afferent
They have two extensions coming off the cell body

Question 17

What is the resting membrane potential

Answer 17

Charge inside cell minus charge cell outside when cell is at rest
Can be used to determine direction of flux

Question 18

What do ion channels do

Answer 18

They control the flow of ions through the membrane so they change the resistance to charge flow

Question 19

Which channels are constantly open

Answer 19

Leakage channels

Question 20

When gated channels receive a signal what do they do

Answer 20

Open because they are closed until otherwise signaled

Question 21

What do ligand gated channels need to open

Answer 21

A chemical

Question 22

What do voltage gated channels need

Answer 22

Need a specific charge to open

Question 23

What do mechanically gated channels need to open

Answer 23

Physical deformation

Question 24

What are graded potentials

Answer 24

Incoming signals over short distances that generate a low and slow change in the membrane potential

Question 25

What are Action potentials

Answer 25

Long distance signals across the axon that result in a rapid change in the membrane potential and a response from the cell

Question 26

What is depolarization

Answer 26

Increase in membrane potential

Question 27

What is polarization

Answer 27

Decrease in the membrane potential

Question 28

What is hyper polarization

Answer 28

Decrease in the membrane potential beyond the original resting membrane potential

Question 29

What is membrane potential decay

Answer 29

After a short period of time the membrane potential will return to its resting value

Question 30

What is a receptor potential

Answer 30

Receptor of a neuron is stimulated by some form of energy

Question 31

What is a post synaptic potential

Answer 31

Stimulus for a graded potential is a neurotransmitter released from another neuron

Question 32

Regarding activation and deactivation gates which one is open at rest and which one is closed at rest

Answer 32

Activation gate closed at rest Inactivation open at rest

Question 33

At what point do the voltage gated sodium channels open

Answer 33

At threshold

Question 34

What causes depolarization in a cell

Answer 34

An influx of sodium ions from the ligand gated channels

Question 35

What causes hyper polarization in a cell

Answer 35

The increased potassium permeability lasts longer than needed because their gates open very slowly so the resting membrane potential is overshot

Question 36

During hyper polarization what happens

Answer 36

The activation and inactivation gates on the sodium channels reset to their resting positions

Question 37

Why is threshold important

Answer 37

It is necessary to activate the activation gates on the sodium voltage gated channels

Question 38

What is temporal summation

Answer 38

When a channel is opened for a continuous amount of time allowing more sodium to accumulate in the cell

Question 39

What is spatial summation

Answer 39

Allowing molecules into the cell in two different locations at the same time

Question 40

What is an absolute refractory period

Answer 40

During depolarization the sodium activation and inactivation gates are in the wrong position

Question 41

What is relative refractory period

Answer 41

During hyper polarization the membrane potential goes beyond RMP and the activation and inactivation gates of sodium are back to rest but in order to activate the activation gate a stronger stimulus is needed to reach threshold

Question 42

What is voltage

Answer 42

Measures potential energy generated by separated electrical charges

Question 43

What is resistance

Answer 43

Hindrance to charge flow

Question 44

What is current

Answer 44

Flow of electrical charge from one point to another releasing potential energy which can be used to do work