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Physiology > Neurophysiology > Flashcards

Neurophysiology Flashcards

1
Q

What is sensory input

A

When sensory receptors monitor homeostasis by monitoring changes that occur inside and outside the body

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2
Q

What is integration

A

Processes and interprets sensory input in order to make a decision on if and how to respond

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3
Q

What is motor output

A

Activation of effector organs that causes a response

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4
Q

What is the central nervous system made of

A

Brain and spinal cord
Integrates sensory input and controls responses

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5
Q

What is the peripheral nervous system made of

A

Mostly cranial and spinal nerves outside the CNS

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6
Q

What is the sensory or afferent division

A

Carriers information from the sensory receptors to the CNS for integration
Consists of somatic and visceral nerve fibers

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7
Q

What is the motor or efferent division

A

Transmits impulse away from CNS to effector organs and activates muscles and glands

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8
Q

What does the somatic nervous system control

A

Skeletal muscle
Voluntary

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9
Q

What does the autonomic nervous system control

A

Visceral motor fibers and glands
Involuntary

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10
Q

What is the sympathetic division considered

A

Fight or flight

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11
Q

What is the parasympathetic division considered

A

Rest and digest

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12
Q

What is a neuron

A

Nerve cell that is large and highly specialized that conducts messages
They have extreme longevity and are amitotic
Hey have high metabolic rate so they need a constant supply of O2

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13
Q

What does retrograde mean

A

Movement toward cell body

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14
Q

What is anterograde

A

Movement away from cell body

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15
Q

Are multipolar neurons efferent or afferent and what do they have

A

Efferent and they have multiple dendrites and one single axon

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16
Q

What kind of neuron is a bipolar neuron and what do they have

A

Afferent
They have two extensions coming off the cell body

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17
Q

What is the resting membrane potential

A

Charge inside cell minus charge cell outside when cell is at rest
Can be used to determine direction of flux

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18
Q

What do ion channels do

A

They control the flow of ions through the membrane so they change the resistance to charge flow

19
Q

Which channels are constantly open

A

Leakage channels

20
Q

When gated channels receive a signal what do they do

A

Open because they are closed until otherwise signaled

21
Q

What do ligand gated channels need to open

A

A chemical

22
Q

What do voltage gated channels need

A

Need a specific charge to open

23
Q

What do mechanically gated channels need to open

A

Physical deformation

24
Q

What are graded potentials

A

Incoming signals over short distances that generate a low and slow change in the membrane potential

25
Q

What are Action potentials

A

Long distance signals across the axon that result in a rapid change in the membrane potential and a response from the cell

26
Q

What is depolarization

A

Increase in membrane potential

27
Q

What is polarization

A

Decrease in the membrane potential

28
Q

What is hyper polarization

A

Decrease in the membrane potential beyond the original resting membrane potential

29
Q

What is membrane potential decay

A

After a short period of time the membrane potential will return to its resting value

30
Q

What is a receptor potential

A

Receptor of a neuron is stimulated by some form of energy

31
Q

What is a post synaptic potential

A

Stimulus for a graded potential is a neurotransmitter released from another neuron

32
Q

Regarding activation and deactivation gates which one is open at rest and which one is closed at rest

A

Activation gate closed at rest
Inactivation open at rest

33
Q

At what point do the voltage gated sodium channels open

A

At threshold

34
Q

What causes depolarization in a cell

A

An influx of sodium ions from the ligand gated channels

35
Q

What causes hyper polarization in a cell

A

The increased potassium permeability lasts longer than needed because their gates open very slowly so the resting membrane potential is overshot

36
Q

During hyper polarization what happens

A

The activation and inactivation gates on the sodium channels reset to their resting positions

37
Q

Why is threshold important

A

It is necessary to activate the activation gates on the sodium voltage gated channels

38
Q

What is temporal summation

A

When a channel is opened for a continuous amount of time allowing more sodium to accumulate in the cell

39
Q

What is spatial summation

A

Allowing molecules into the cell in two different locations at the same time

40
Q

What is an absolute refractory period

A

During depolarization the sodium activation and inactivation gates are in the wrong position

41
Q

What is relative refractory period

A

During hyper polarization the membrane potential goes beyond RMP and the activation and inactivation gates of sodium are back to rest but in order to activate the activation gate a stronger stimulus is needed to reach threshold

42
Q

What is voltage

A

Measures potential energy generated by separated electrical charges

43
Q

What is resistance

A

Hindrance to charge flow

44
Q

What is current

A

Flow of electrical charge from one point to another releasing potential energy which can be used to do work

Physiology (13 decks)

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