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Physiology > Cardiac Physiology > Flashcards

Cardiac Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

What is the pericardium

A

Serous membrane that surrounds the heart

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2
Q

What is the myocardium

A

Muscle of the heart

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3
Q

What is the endocardium

A

Innermost layer of connective and epithelial tissue

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4
Q

What is the compact myocardium and spongy myocardium

A

Outer layer of cells arranged in regular pattern
Spongy is the inner layer of mesh work of cells

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5
Q

From superficial to deep what are the layers of cardiac muscle

A

Fibrous pericardium, parietal pericardium, pericardial fluid, visceral pericardium, myocardium, endocardium which is continuous with epithelium

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6
Q

What are the components of a fish heart

A

Sinus venosus which is the site of blood entry
Atrium which is the receiving chamber
Ventricle which is the muscular chamber
Bulbous arteriosus which is the main vessel leading out the heart

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7
Q

What are the components of the amphibian heart

A

Three chambered heart with two atria and one ventricle
Trabeculae carnae help keep oxygenated and deoxygenated blood separate
The spiral fold helps with blood flow out of the ventricle

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8
Q

What are the components of the mammal heart

A

Four chambers separated by septa and valves
Two atria and two ventricles
Right side is deoxygenated blood
Left side if oxygenated blood

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9
Q

What are the atria and ventricles used for

A

Atria receives blood and gets blood from venous system
Ventricles send blood and push blood to arterial system

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10
Q

What kind of muscles are located in the right atrium

A

Pectinic muscles

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11
Q

Why is the tricuspid, tendonae, and capillary muscles important

A

Atrioventricular or tricuspid valve separates right atrium and ventricle
Cordae tendonae and papillary muscles keep the valve from flipping on itself

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12
Q

What is the overall flow of blood

A

Right atrium, right atrioventricular valve, right ventricle, pulmonary valve, pulmonary trunk, pulmonary arteries, lungs, pulmonary veins, left atrium, left atrioventricular valve, left ventricle, aortic valve, aortic arch, body, vena cava

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13
Q

Characteristics of cardiac muscle

A

Striated and Uninucleated
Many mitochondria and t tubules are wider
Intercalated discs which connect adjacent cells together
Functions as single syncytium
Uses aerobic respiration only and tetanic contractions aren’t possible

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14
Q

What are pacemaker cells

A

Small non contractile cells that have unstable resting membrane potentials
Contain channels that open during hyper polarization (HCN channels)
Can generate atp without an input

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15
Q

Why are hyper polarization activated cyclic nucleotide cation channels important

A

They are activated at hyper polarization
Made up of cyclic nucleotides
Allow cations to fluctuate across the cell membrane
As long as they are activated they keep going

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16
Q

What is the process to get HCN channels

A

Epinephrine targets B1 receptors in heart which activates camp which activates protein kinase and finally the HCN channels

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17
Q

How does the conduction network work for the heart

A

An action potential is fired in the SA node at the ceiling of the right atrium then through the backhmans branches to the AV node in the floor of the RA
AV node sends the signal to the Bundle of His and then into the left and right bundle branches which then leads to the perkinje fibers

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18
Q

What is heart rate set by and why is this important

A

Set by the SA node because the SA nodes depolarize the fastest

19
Q

What is cardiac output

A

Stroke volume x heart rate
Amount of blood pumped out by the ventricle per minute

20
Q

What is stroke volume

A

End diastolic volume minus end systolic volume
Amount of blood pumped out by the left ventricle

21
Q

What happens if after load increase? What about preload?

A

If after load increases then ESV increases and stroke volume and cardiac output decrease
If preload increases the force and ESV will decrease

22
Q

How is a cardiomyocyte action potential generated

A

Depolarization by influx of ions from pacemaker and muscle cells
Threshold is reached and VG Na channels open
Plateau phase reached then when Na channels close VG Ca channels open
They last as long as as the refractory period prevents another contraction

23
Q

What is the plateau phase

A

Stops the heart from beating too fast
Point of reset
Prevents tetanic contractions

24
Q

Myofilaments are dependent on what

A

Calcium levels
If calcium increases contraction is increased and visa versa

25
Q

What are the steps of the cardiac cycle

A

Atria in diastole and ventricle in systole then AV valve opens so blood flows from atria to ventricles with passive filling
AP is then fired from the SA node and atria contracts now using active filling
AV node then fires and signal moves to Bundle of His where the atria are relaxed and ventricles are contracted
Blood then pushes on valves causing them to shut and signal moves down the bundle branches
Ventricle systole occurs keeping all gates closed and then isovolumetric contraction causes forces in the SL valves open (this is when ventricular pressure exceeds arterial pressure)
Ventricular ejection occurs causing blood to move from ventricles to arteries and you have end systolic volume
Then ventricular diastole occurs which causes isovolumetric relaxation
Then ventricular filling occurs which drops the pressure low enough to pop the av valves open

26
Q

What is isovolumetric contraction

A

Point before you start refilling the ventricles
Essentially after load

27
Q

What is ventricular ejection

A

Movement of blood from ventricles to arteries

28
Q

What is isovolumetric relaxation

A

No blood moving from the ventricles which is during ventricular diastole

29
Q

What is end diastolic volume

A

Amount of blood in the ventricles at the end of diastole

30
Q

What is preload

A

All blood that flows into the ventricles with passive and active filling
How much the ventricles have stretched

31
Q

What is after load

A

How much force it takes to send blood out of
How much pressure is put on the arteries based on the amount of blood in the ventricles

32
Q

True or false: one cardiac cycle involves ALL heart muscles

A

True

33
Q

How are electrical changes in the heart monitored

A

EKG

34
Q

What does the p wave indicate

A

Atrial depolarization

35
Q

What does the QRS complex indicate

A

Ventricular depolarization

36
Q

What does the t wave indicate

A

Ventricular repolarization

37
Q

What is einthovens triangle

A

Triangle formed by electrodes placed on arms and legs
One lead has a positive and negative electrode
Each lead forms a vector

38
Q

What is used to determine cardiac axis

A

Wheel of leads

39
Q

What is the cardiac reserve

A

Difference between resting and maximal cardiac output

40
Q

What is the difference between brachychardia and tachycardia

A

Bradycardia is slow heart rate
Tachycardia fast heart rate

41
Q

What is the frank sterling law

A

Relationship between force-tension in the heart

42
Q

What is a dicrotic notch

A

Uptick in aortic pressure caused by closure of the aortic valve

43
Q

What is L-R shunting

A

Supplies heart with oxygen
Increased when increased activity in reptiles

44
Q

What is R-L shunting

A

Increases during dives because there is no need to send blood to the lungs

Physiology (13 decks)

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