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Physiology > Cellular Physiology > Flashcards

Cellular Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

What are the four parts of the cell theory

A

Cells are the basic unit of an organism
Activity of organisms depends on their cells activity
Cell function in dictated by cell shape (form=function)
Cells can only come from other cells

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2
Q

What is an integral protein

A

Firmly inserted in the plasma membrane and is usually a transmembrane

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3
Q

What are peripheral proteins

A

Not embedded in the bilayer but attached loosely to integral proteins

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4
Q

What are the functions of membrane proteins

A

Transport
Receptors
Support
Enzymes
Cellular adhesion
Cell communication

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5
Q

What is the difference between passive and active transport

A

Passive transport doesn’t require energy but active transport does

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6
Q

What does a cell membrane being selectively permeable mean

A

It is selective of what can pass through the membrane and allows most things only with a channel

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7
Q

What utilizes passive transport, what utilizes active transport, and what utilizes both

A

Diffusion uses passive
Active uses vesicular transport
Both use carrier mediated transport

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8
Q

What is diffusion

A

Molecular or ions moving from one area to another using a gradient
Usually occurs from high to low concentration
Passive process
Distance and molecular weight slow it down
Temperature “speeds up” diffusion
Can take place in open or compartmentalized system

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9
Q

What things can move through the lipid bilayer using simple diffusion

A

Non polar molecules and lipid soluble substances
Examples include oxygen, carbon dioxide, fat soluble vitamins

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10
Q

What is carrier mediated facilitated diffusion

A

Can only work using a carrier and transmembrane integral protein

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11
Q

What is channel mediated facilitated diffusion

A

Fluid filled transmembrane channel that allows ions to to pass through

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12
Q

How are membrane channels specific to ions and molecules

A

Their structural composition

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13
Q

What is a transport maximum

A

When all the membrane channels are saturated and there are no more carrier binding sites

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14
Q

How can competitors reduce the transport maximum

A

They looks and act like another substance so they compete for spots in the channel

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15
Q

What kind of transmembrane integral protein does water move through

A

An aquaporin which will move water until osmotic pressure and hydrostatic pressure reaches equilibrium
Water needs aquaporins to move through the membrane since polar substances can’t really move through the membrane easily

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16
Q

How will water move to try and make hydrostatic pressure equal

A

From high to low

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17
Q

What is hydrostatic pressure

A

A force generated by fluid volume so as volume increases hydrostatic pressure also increases

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18
Q

What is osmotic pressure

A

A force generated by osmolarity

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19
Q

What is osmolarity

A

Total concentration of all solute particles in a solution

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20
Q

What is Tonicity

A

When a solution changes the shape of a cell by changing how much water can enter or exit

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21
Q

What is isotonic

A

A solution that will not change the cell shape

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22
Q

What is hypertonic

A

A solution that causes a water efflux (leaves the cell) and causes the cell to shrink

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23
Q

What is hypotonic

A

A solution that causes a water influx (water enters the cell) and causes the cell to swell

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24
Q

How does active transport carry substances and does it utilize anything important

A

Active transport requires a carrier protein that carries substances against the concentration gradient and also utilizes atp or energy input

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25
What is primary active transport
Breaks down atp which causes phosphorylation of the transport system which then causes the transporter to change shape
26
What is secondary active transport
Uses an electrochemical gradient which was set up by diffusion and the primary active transport It uses energy but not from atp directly It uses the energy from Na diffusing across the membrane and pushing glucose across its concentration gradient
27
What is the electrochemical gradient
When ions move so the charges balance out When an ion moves across a membrane the charge follows Usually made up of concentration and electrical gradient since ions and molecules want to move along their gradients
28
How can you find the membrane potential
Charge inside the cell minus the charge outside the cell
29
What is equilibrium potential
When the electrical gradient is equal to the chemical gradient
30
Should the membrane potential equal the equilibrium potential for ions?
Yes and it can be found using the Nernst equation
31
If the Nernst equation tells us the equilibrium potential of an ion and these ions are trying to reach their own equilibrium potential, how can this be calculated
The Goldman Hodgkin Katz equation can find the average equilibrium potential while also factoring in permeability
32
When there is an unequal distribution of ions between the ECF and ICF what does that create
The membrane potential which is essentially a charge difference across the cell membrane
33
What is endocytosis
Bringing large molecules into the cell
34
What is exocytosis
Taking large molecules out of the cell
35
What is contact signaling
When cells contact each other by touching
36
What is chemical signaling
When ligands bind to receptors to change their shape
37
What is a G protein linked receptor
Secondary messengers that change the shape of a different membrane protein
38
How do nexus junctions work in order to signal to other cells
They use direct cell to cell communication Signal across gap junctions
39
What are the three ways for chemical signaling in the endocrine system
Autocrine which is when a signal molecule targets itself Paracrine which is when a signal molecule targets a cell of the same tissue Endocrine which is when a signal molecule targets a distant cell using the blood stream
40
What do chemical messengers have and what do they do
They must have a receptor otherwise they can’t accept and send signals They activate signal transduction pathways
41
How can amino acid based hormones be classified
Usually variable in size Usually as peptides, water soluble, and can’t cross the plasma membrane
42
How can steroids be classified
Made from cholesterol Include gonadal and adrenocortical hormones Lipid soluble and can cross the plasma membrane
43
How can eicosanoids be classified
Lipid based that usually act as Paracrine and Autocrine hormones
44
Explain how peptide messengers are eventually made to signal to the body
They are synthesized as preprohormones that contain signal sequences for secretion That secretin signal is then cleaved before vesicular formation in the golgi In the golgi the hormone is broken down so the only thing left is the prohormone which is inactive The secretory Vesicles contain enzymes that then cleave the pro hormone to activate the hormone and send a signal to the body
45
What are the three major classes of steroid hormones
Mineralcorticoids which regulate sodium intake by the kidney Glucocorticoids which are the stress hormones Reproductive hormones which regulate sex specific characteristics and reproductions
46
How do steroid hormones usually cross the cell membrane
They bind to a carrier protein for transport such as albumin Once in the cell they bind to transmembrane receptors or intracellular receptors
47
What are biogenic amines
They have an amine group and are synthesized from amino acids
48
What is the structure of an eicosanoid and where does it come from? What other characteristics can you name
20 carbons Derived from arachidonic acid Act as neurotransmitters and Paracrine hormones Degrade quickly in the ECF Prostaglandins are most common type
49
What happens when there is a higher affinity for a messenger? What about a low affinity?
Higher affinity means lower concentration and lower affinity means higher concentration of messenger
50
How can you stop a ligand receptor signal
Remove it using distant tissues Have adjacent cells take the ligand Degrade it by Extracellular enzymes Remove the ligand receptor complex using endocytosis Inactivate a signal transduction pathway
51
What can signal transduction pathways lead to
Amplification of a signal (stronger signal)
52
With intracellular receptors being inside the cell what can they do
Increase transcription
53
What are G protein linked receptors considered and what some examples
They are second messengers such as cAMP, cGMP, IP3/DAG Can act through calmodulin and interact with amplifier enzymes which can change the speed of second messengers
54
What do receptor enzymes involve and what are the three types
Involve phosphorylation cascades Guanylate Cyclase makes cGMP Tyrosine kinase phosphorylates tyrosine and uses RAS to change GDP to GTP and visa versa Serine/ threonine kinase phosphorylates but doesn’t use RAS proteins
55
Explain the cAMP pathway
Protein binds to receptor which then activates G protein G protein activates adenylyl Cyclase which converts ATP into cAMP cAMP activates protein kinases which phosphorylate a protein and the proteins generate a cellular response
56
Explain the PIP2 and IP3 pathway
A ligand binds to the G protein coupled receptor GDP exchanged for GTP on the G protein then the G protein dissociates from the receptor G protein then activates phospholipase and phospholipase splits PIP2 into DAG and IP3
57
When PIP2 is split into DAG what happens
DAG activates protein kinase C and protein kinase C phosphorylates the protein
58
What happens when PIP2 is made into IP3
IP3 caused the ER to release Ca2+ which binds to calmodulin which then causes a cellular response
59
What is a negative feedback loop
When A deviation from the set point is decreased and the regulated variable returns to its original value
60
What is a positive feedback loop
When there is an increased deviation from the set point that tends to cause the regulated variable to move further away from its original value
61
Explain the MAP K pathway
Ligand binds to the RTK and RTK phosphorylate itself The phosphorylated RTK then binds to GRB2 and SOS binds to GRB2 RAS and GDP binds to SOS and GDP is exchanged for GTP GTP and RAS dissociate from SOS and MAP K is activated when protein kinase binds to RAS and GTP complex MAP K then activates transcription factors and cell proliferation occurs
62
When blood glucose levels rise and and insulin is secreted what happens
An increase in intracellular atp levels which sends a signal to the ATP dependent K+ channel which causes it to close The closed channel then causes the cell membrane potential to rise which causes the gated Ca2+ channel to open Ca2+ enters the cell causing exocytosis of insulin containing vesicles and insulin then travels to the liver and binds to tyrosine kinase Glucose transporters are then activated and glucose is taken up by the liver Blood glucose levels drops and a decrease in blood glucose causes a decrease in intracellular ATP levels
63
What happens when a fetus puts pressure on the cervix
Stretch receptors send signals to the brain to release oxytocin Oxytocin then binds to receptors on smooth muscle causing contraction Contractions push the fetus against the cervix which increases stimulus on the stretch receptors This increase in stimulus then causes an increase in oxytocin release
64
What is the cytoskeleton and motor proteins responsible for and what are they made of
Responsible for intracellular trafficking Made of microtubules, MAPs, kinesin, dynein, actin, myosin
65
What is an example of a microtubule organizing center and what are microtubules used for
The centrosome is a MTOC and microtubules are used to control the movement of subcellular components
66
What is tubulin a dimer of and what is attached to the tubulin prior to dimerization
Alpha and beta tubulin and GTP is attached
67
How is a protofilament formed and what do they make
Dimer merge together to make the protofilament and then the protofilament sheets rile together to form a microtubule
68
What does a beta dimer correspond with and what does an alpha dimer correspond with in regards to charge
Beta is positive Alpha is negative
69
What happens when you have a high concentration of tubulin? Low concentration?
High concentration means growth and low concentration means shrinking
70
What is treadmilling
When growth and shrinkage from tubulin occurs at the same rate
71
How fast the dimmers add depends on what and how do tubulin dimers add
Depends on the concentration of tubulin which follows law of mass action and tubulin dimers fall off on negative end and add on positive end
72
What helps stabilize and destabilize microtubule structure
MAPs which are controlled by protein kinases and phosphatases
73
When are stable tubule only peptides (STOPs) used
When cells need long stable microtubules
74
What can dynein and kinesin do
Walk along a microtubule Dynein moves toward the negative charge (alpha) and kind in moves toward the positive (beta) charge Dynein moves in a retrograde (towards the nucleus) and kinein moves anterograde (away from the nucleus)

Physiology (13 decks)

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