Organization Of Nervous Systems

Question 1

What are neurons organized into

Answer 1

Neuronal pools

Question 2

What is the discharge zone

Answer 2

When the postsynaptic cells reach threshold
The middle area of a postsynaptic fiber
Highest concentration of neurotransmitters

Question 3

What is the facilitated zone

Answer 3

Where postsynaptic cells don’t reach threshold but can with another stimulus source
Low concentration of neurotransmitters

Question 4

What is serial processing and what is parallel processing

Answer 4

Serial is along one pathway
Parallel processing includes many pathways

Question 5

What does the neural crease become and what does the neural tube become

Answer 5

Neural creasy becomes PNS
Neural tube becomes CNS

Question 6

What is cephalization

Answer 6

Enlargement of anterior portion of CNS

Question 7

What is the prosencephalon and what does it become

Answer 7

It’s the forebrain and becomes the telencephalon and diencephalon

Question 8

What is the mesencephalon and what does it become

Answer 8

It’s the midbrain and becomes the mesencephalon

Question 9

What is the rhombencephalon and what does it become

Answer 9

It’s the hindbrain and becomes the metencephalon and mylencephalon

Question 10

What does the telencephalon become

Answer 10

Cerebrum

Question 11

What does the diencephalon become

Answer 11

Thalamus, hypothalamus, and epithalmus

Question 12

What does the metencephalon become and what does the myelencephalon become

Answer 12

Met becomes pons
Myelen becomes medulla oblongata

Question 13

What is a diverging circuit

Answer 13

One inout with many outputs

Question 14

What is a converging circuit

Answer 14

Many inputs, one output

Question 15

What are some characteristics of the CNS

Answer 15

Encased in bone and surrounded by meninges
Floats in cerebrospinal fluid
Separated by the blood brain barrier

Question 16

What is grey matter

Answer 16

Unmyelinated fibers and neuronal cell bodies
Superficial in brain and deep in spinal cord

Question 17

What is white matter

Answer 17

Myelinated axons
Deep in brain and superficial in spinal cord

Question 18

What does Broca’s area work with

Answer 18

Speech and forming complex sound

Question 19

What does werrickes area deal with

Answer 19

Understanding speech and spoken sounds
Interprets speech

Question 20

What does frontal lobe do

Answer 20

Pre motor cortex, primary motor cortex, pre central gyrus
It’s the working memory and execution

Question 21

What is the parietal lobe

Answer 21

Sensory
Primary somatosensory cortex
Receives memory from somatic senses

Question 22

What is the temporal lobe

Answer 22

Deals with special senses
Works with parietal for high order thinking

Question 23

What is the occipital lobe

Answer 23

Sensory information

Question 24

What does the brainstem consist of

Answer 24

Midbrain, medulla oblongata, pons, and cerebellum

Question 25

What does the thalamus do

Answer 25

Has 8 nuclei and is the relay station for afferent neurons

Question 26

What does the hypothalamus do

Answer 26

Has 10 nuclei that has a strong connection to the pituitary gland and regulates release of hormones from the pituitary Also makes of the hypothalamic pituitary axis Responsible for fight, flee,feeding, and fornicating

Question 27

What does the epithalmus do

Answer 27

Linked with the limbic system and regulates the pineal gland

Question 28

What do the aspects of the hindbrain do

Answer 28

Cerebellum which integrates sensory info with motor commands pons which is communication between medulla oblongata, cerebellum, and forebrain medulla oblongata which regulates breathing, heart rate and blood pressure

Question 29

What does the midbrain do

Answer 29

Serves as relay center for mammals and reflex center in fish and amphibians Optic lobes control the eye reflex and movements

Question 30

What does the forebrain do

Answer 30

Controls complex processes Controls cerebrum, thalamus, epithalmus, and hypothalamus

Question 31

What is the corpus callosum

Answer 31

Larger grouping of commissural fibers that aid in communication between right and left hemispheres

Question 32

What does the pyramidal tract do

Answer 32

It’s descending and controls voluntary movement Corticobulber controls head and neck Corticospinal os deeper in the spinal cord and controls everything else

Question 33

What is the extrapyramidal tract

Answer 33

Involuntary and deals with muscle tone like posture and balance The dorsal column medial lemiscus pathway goes to thalamus and deals with sensory info with touch and fine point determination

Question 34

What is the spinocerebellar tract

Answer 34

Carries info from proprioreceptors and tells where you are in space

Question 35

What is the anterolateral system

Answer 35

Goes to thalamus Made up of anterolateral spinothalamic which deals with temp and anterior spinothalamic which deals with crude touch

Question 36

What is the reflex arc

Answer 36

A receptor to a sensory neuron then to the integration center to a motor neuron then finally to an effector

Question 37

What is a cross extensor reflex

Answer 37

Helps maintain balance Involves multiple synapses and muscles Polysnaptic reflex and involves both the right and left side of the body

Question 38

What happens if only alpha motor neurons are activated

Answer 38

Only extrafusal muscle fibers will contract Muscle spindle becomes slack and no action potentials are generated Unable to signal change in length

Question 39

What happens when alpha and gamma coactivation occurs

Answer 39

Extrafusal and intrafusal muscle fibers contract Tension is maintained in the muscle spindle and signals to change in length

Question 40

Between grey and white ramus communicans which one is myelinated and which one isn’t

Answer 40

Grey is non myelinated White is myelinated

Question 41

What are the characteristics of parasympathetic nervous system

Answer 41

Cervical and sacral neuronal origin Long presynaptic neurons short post synaptic neurons Ganglia are close to effector organ

Question 42

What are characteristics of sympathetic nervous system

Answer 42

Thoracic and lumbar neuronal origin Short presynaptic and long postsynaptic neurons Ganglia are close to the CNS

Question 43

What are effectors and what are some characteristics

Answer 43

Smooth and cardiac muscle and glands Uses 2 neuron chain Preganglionic neuron has cell body in CNS Postganglionic neuron has cell body in autonomic ganglion

Question 44

What do ANS preganglionic fibers release

Answer 44

Acetylcholine

Question 45

What do postganglionic fibers release

Answer 45

Acetylcholine and norepinephrine

Question 46

What can nicotinic receptors bind to

Answer 46

Nicotine and always excitatory

Question 47

What can muscarinic receptors bind to

Answer 47

Muscarine and are usually excitatory or inhibitory

Question 48

A1 adrenergic receptors

Answer 48

All sympathetic target organs Excitatory

Question 49

A2 adrenergic receptors

Answer 49

Pancreas Inhibits insulin secretion which increases blood glucose

Question 50

B2 adrenergic receptors

Answer 50

Lungs Inhibitory on smooth muscle of respiratory tract

Question 51

B1 adrenergic receptor

Answer 51

Heart and kidneys Increase heart rate Stimulate release of renin

Question 52

B3 adrenergic receptors

Answer 52

Adipose tissue Stimulates lipolysis