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Physiology > Organization Of Nervous Systems > Flashcards

Organization Of Nervous Systems Flashcards

1
Q

What are neurons organized into

A

Neuronal pools

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2
Q

What is the discharge zone

A

When the postsynaptic cells reach threshold
The middle area of a postsynaptic fiber
Highest concentration of neurotransmitters

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3
Q

What is the facilitated zone

A

Where postsynaptic cells don’t reach threshold but can with another stimulus source
Low concentration of neurotransmitters

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4
Q

What is serial processing and what is parallel processing

A

Serial is along one pathway
Parallel processing includes many pathways

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5
Q

What does the neural crease become and what does the neural tube become

A

Neural creasy becomes PNS
Neural tube becomes CNS

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6
Q

What is cephalization

A

Enlargement of anterior portion of CNS

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7
Q

What is the prosencephalon and what does it become

A

It’s the forebrain and becomes the telencephalon and diencephalon

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8
Q

What is the mesencephalon and what does it become

A

It’s the midbrain and becomes the mesencephalon

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9
Q

What is the rhombencephalon and what does it become

A

It’s the hindbrain and becomes the metencephalon and mylencephalon

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10
Q

What does the telencephalon become

A

Cerebrum

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11
Q

What does the diencephalon become

A

Thalamus, hypothalamus, and epithalmus

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12
Q

What does the metencephalon become and what does the myelencephalon become

A

Met becomes pons
Myelen becomes medulla oblongata

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13
Q

What is a diverging circuit

A

One inout with many outputs

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14
Q

What is a converging circuit

A

Many inputs, one output

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15
Q

What are some characteristics of the CNS

A

Encased in bone and surrounded by meninges
Floats in cerebrospinal fluid
Separated by the blood brain barrier

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16
Q

What is grey matter

A

Unmyelinated fibers and neuronal cell bodies
Superficial in brain and deep in spinal cord

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17
Q

What is white matter

A

Myelinated axons
Deep in brain and superficial in spinal cord

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18
Q

What does Broca’s area work with

A

Speech and forming complex sound

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19
Q

What does werrickes area deal with

A

Understanding speech and spoken sounds
Interprets speech

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20
Q

What does frontal lobe do

A

Pre motor cortex, primary motor cortex, pre central gyrus
It’s the working memory and execution

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21
Q

What is the parietal lobe

A

Sensory
Primary somatosensory cortex
Receives memory from somatic senses

22
Q

What is the temporal lobe

A

Deals with special senses
Works with parietal for high order thinking

23
Q

What is the occipital lobe

A

Sensory information

24
Q

What does the brainstem consist of

A

Midbrain, medulla oblongata, pons, and cerebellum

25
Q

What does the thalamus do

A

Has 8 nuclei and is the relay station for afferent neurons

26
Q

What does the hypothalamus do

A

Has 10 nuclei that has a strong connection to the pituitary gland and regulates release of hormones from the pituitary
Also makes of the hypothalamic pituitary axis
Responsible for fight, flee,feeding, and fornicating

27
Q

What does the epithalmus do

A

Linked with the limbic system and regulates the pineal gland

28
Q

What do the aspects of the hindbrain do

A

Cerebellum which integrates sensory info with motor commands
pons which is communication between medulla oblongata, cerebellum, and forebrain
medulla oblongata which regulates breathing, heart rate and blood pressure

29
Q

What does the midbrain do

A

Serves as relay center for mammals and reflex center in fish and amphibians
Optic lobes control the eye reflex and movements

30
Q

What does the forebrain do

A

Controls complex processes
Controls cerebrum, thalamus, epithalmus, and hypothalamus

31
Q

What is the corpus callosum

A

Larger grouping of commissural fibers that aid in communication between right and left hemispheres

32
Q

What does the pyramidal tract do

A

It’s descending and controls voluntary movement
Corticobulber controls head and neck
Corticospinal os deeper in the spinal cord and controls everything else

33
Q

What is the extrapyramidal tract

A

Involuntary and deals with muscle tone like posture and balance
The dorsal column medial lemiscus pathway goes to thalamus and deals with sensory info with touch and fine point determination

34
Q

What is the spinocerebellar tract

A

Carries info from proprioreceptors and tells where you are in space

35
Q

What is the anterolateral system

A

Goes to thalamus
Made up of anterolateral spinothalamic which deals with temp and anterior spinothalamic which deals with crude touch

36
Q

What is the reflex arc

A

A receptor to a sensory neuron then to the integration center to a motor neuron then finally to an effector

37
Q

What is a cross extensor reflex

A

Helps maintain balance
Involves multiple synapses and muscles
Polysnaptic reflex and involves both the right and left side of the body

38
Q

What happens if only alpha motor neurons are activated

A

Only extrafusal muscle fibers will contract
Muscle spindle becomes slack and no action potentials are generated
Unable to signal change in length

39
Q

What happens when alpha and gamma coactivation occurs

A

Extrafusal and intrafusal muscle fibers contract
Tension is maintained in the muscle spindle and signals to change in length

40
Q

Between grey and white ramus communicans which one is myelinated and which one isn’t

A

Grey is non myelinated
White is myelinated

41
Q

What are the characteristics of parasympathetic nervous system

A

Cervical and sacral neuronal origin
Long presynaptic neurons short post synaptic neurons
Ganglia are close to effector organ

42
Q

What are characteristics of sympathetic nervous system

A

Thoracic and lumbar neuronal origin
Short presynaptic and long postsynaptic neurons
Ganglia are close to the CNS

43
Q

What are effectors and what are some characteristics

A

Smooth and cardiac muscle and glands
Uses 2 neuron chain
Preganglionic neuron has cell body in CNS
Postganglionic neuron has cell body in autonomic ganglion

44
Q

What do ANS preganglionic fibers release

A

Acetylcholine

45
Q

What do postganglionic fibers release

A

Acetylcholine and norepinephrine

46
Q

What can nicotinic receptors bind to

A

Nicotine and always excitatory

47
Q

What can muscarinic receptors bind to

A

Muscarine and are usually excitatory or inhibitory

48
Q

A1 adrenergic receptors

A

All sympathetic target organs
Excitatory

49
Q

A2 adrenergic receptors

A

Pancreas
Inhibits insulin secretion which increases blood glucose

50
Q

B2 adrenergic receptors

A

Lungs
Inhibitory on smooth muscle of respiratory tract

51
Q

B1 adrenergic receptor

A

Heart and kidneys
Increase heart rate
Stimulate release of renin

52
Q

B3 adrenergic receptors

A

Adipose tissue
Stimulates lipolysis

Physiology (13 decks)

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