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Physiology > Cardiovascular Physiology > Flashcards

Cardiovascular Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

What is the vertebrate circulatory plan

A

Heart to the arteries then to the arterioles then to the capillaries then the venules and finally to the veins

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2
Q

What is the tunica intima made of

A

Vascular endothelium and basement membrane

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3
Q

What does the tunica media consist of

A

Smooth muscle and sheets of elastic cardiac muscle

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4
Q

What is the tunica externa made of

A

Collagen fiber connective tissue

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5
Q

What is the mass flow or Darcy’s law equation

A

Change in pressure/resistance

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6
Q

Which way does fluid flow

A

High to low pressure

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7
Q

What contributes to internal resistance

A

Viscosity which relates to thickness of liquids

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8
Q

Why is it important to know that fluid doesn’t flow in a linear fashion

A

Take into account how many times a particle hits the wall to determine friction
More friction causes loss of energy the particle has to flow through
Amount of friction depends on size of the tube

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9
Q

What does resistance consist of

A

Viscosity, radius, length
As length increases resistance increases
As radius increases resistance decreases

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10
Q

What are some capillary characteristics

A

Lack tunica media and tunica externa
Occasional contractile pericyte cell present

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11
Q

What is transcytosis

A

Transport of large water soluble substances across the cell

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12
Q

What is the paracellular pathway

A

Small molecules such as water and ions can move through pores

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13
Q

Why does blood flow need to be the same through the arterioles and capillaries

A

You can get back flow of blood

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14
Q

Why does blood flow through capillaries need to be slow

A

More efficient capillary exchange of oxygen and nutrients

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15
Q

What is a continuous capillary

A

Least permeable and most common

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16
Q

What are fenestrated capillaries

A

Contain large fenestrations that increase permeability
Occurs in areas of active filtration or absorption
Small intestine and kidneys

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17
Q

What are Sinusoid capillaries

A

Most permeable and occurs in limited locations
Incomplete basement membranes
Allows large molecules to pass through
Liver, bone marrow, spleen

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18
Q

What is vasoconstriction

A

When the diameter of a blood vessel decreases

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19
Q

What is vasodilation

A

When the diameter of a blood vessel increases

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20
Q

What is the primary target of vasoconstriction and vasodilation

A

Arterioles

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21
Q

What is angiogenesis

A

Minor vessels undergo remodeling
Controlled by activators and inhibitors
Often induced by hypoxia condition
Number of cells in tissues increases with age
Increased oxygen levels are needed

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22
Q

During angiogenesis what does growth factor do

A

Causes the basement membrane to dissolve and endothelial cells to proliferate

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23
Q

Are mammal and birds pulmonary and systemic circuits connected or separate

A

Separate

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24
Q

What are vertebrate circulatory systems made of

A

Comprised of one or more pumps

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25
Q

What is proportional and what is inversely proportional to flow

A

Flow and pressure difference are proportional
Flow and resistance are inversely proportional

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26
Q

What is flow

A

Volume of fluid that moves past a given point per unit time

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27
Q

What path does flow follow

A

The path of least resistance

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28
Q

What happens if we control resistance

A

Fluid can be directed and redirected to certain body parts

29
Q

Resistors in series have a higher or lower level of resistance than resistors that are parallel

A

Resistors in series have a higher level

30
Q

What is velocity determined by

A

Pressure and cross sectional area

31
Q

What happens when blood vessels split

A

The velocity of each channel decreases

32
Q

What does total flow through a capillary need to equal

A

Flow through the arteriole

33
Q

What do vessels with a larger diameter experience

A

Greater amounts of transmural pressure (difference between internal and external pressure

34
Q

What helps reduce the stress of the walls of a ventricle

A

Increasing the thickness of the walls

35
Q

What must vessels do in order to stand pressure changes

A

Change diameter

36
Q

What vessels are capable of changing due to pressure change

A

Elastic vessels

37
Q

What do arterioles control and what is the result of this

A

Blood distribution through vasoconstriction and vasodilation which alters resistance

38
Q

What is myogenic auto regulation

A

Negative feedback loop that helps maintain blood flow to tissues

39
Q

What does increased blood flow cause

A

Increases pressure which causes stretching

40
Q

What does stretching cause

A

Smooth muscle to contract and thus vasoconstriction

41
Q

What are the vasoconstrictors

A

Noradrenaline
Adrenaline
Vasopressin
Angiotensin II

42
Q

Vasodilators

A

Histamine
Kinins
Atrial natriuretic peptide
Vasoactive intestinal peptide

43
Q

What two things control blood pressure

A

Elasticity of elastic arteries
Volume of blood pumped into the arteries

44
Q

What is systolic pressure

A

Ventricular systole causes blood to be ejected into arteries and pressure increased so blood flows away from the heart

45
Q

What is diastolic pressure

A

When no blood is being pumped but elastic arteries serve as a pressure reserve

46
Q

What is pulse pressure

A

Pressure on arteries during systole and diastole
Systolic pressure minus diastolic pressure

47
Q

What is blood pressure

A

Force exerted on the vessel walls by blood

48
Q

What is another word for blood pressure cuff

A

Sphygmomanometer

49
Q

How does a blood pressure cuff measure blood pressure

A

Cuts off circulation by applying pressure
Pressure slowly reduces until blood flow begins and systolic pressure exceeds force exerted by the cuff
Continuously reduces until karotkoff sound is no longer heard and diastolic pressure exceeds the force exerted by the cuff

50
Q

What is karotkoff’s sound

A

Thumping of intermittent flow

51
Q

What is the difference between a blowout and a collapse

A

Blowout is when the blood pressure is too high
Collapse is when the blood pressure too low

52
Q

Why is it important that capillaries are permeable

A

Low pressure is still enough to force filtrates out

53
Q

What are venules

A

Receiving end of the capillary

54
Q

Why is it important that arteries are elastic

A

In ventricular systole when ventricles force blood into the artery, elastin allows the artery to recoil which allows for continuous flow of blood

55
Q

What functions can occur with muscular arteries

A

Vasoconstriction and vasodilation which helps maintain blood pressure
Very large tunica media

56
Q

What do arterioles contain

A

Contain sphincters which are enlargements of smooth muscle that will control if blood will enter a capillary because arterioles lead into the capillary

57
Q

Do veins and arteries pulsate with cardiac cycle

A

Veins don’t but arteries do

58
Q

In venous blood pressure why can’t pressure promote venous return

A

It’s too low

59
Q

What is a muscular pump

A

Veins associated with muscles to put pressure on veins

60
Q

What is a respiratory pump

A

Breathing causes increase in intrabdominal pressure

61
Q

What is sympathetic vasoconstriction

A

Reduces volume of blood in veins near the heart creating a greater pressure gradient

62
Q

What is hydrostatic pressure

A

Force exerted by the fluid itself

63
Q

What is osmotic pressure and how do water concentrations and osmolarity relate

A

Osmolarity
When osmolarity increases water concentration decreases and visa versa

64
Q

Which way does water move

A

High to low

65
Q

What is reabsorption

A

Inward pressure is greater than outward pressure

66
Q

What is filtration

A

Outward pressure is greater than inward pressure

67
Q

What leads to edema

A

Excess fluids in the tissue

68
Q

What is the order from deep to superficial of cardiac muscle layers

A

Lumen, endothelium, tunica intima, tunica media, tunica externa

Physiology (13 decks)

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