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Physiology > Cardiovascular Physiology > Flashcards

Cardiovascular Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

What is the vertebrate circulatory plan

A

Heart to the arteries then to the arterioles then to the capillaries then the venules and finally to the veins

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2
Q

What is the tunica intima made of

A

Vascular endothelium and basement membrane

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3
Q

What does the tunica media consist of

A

Smooth muscle and sheets of elastic cardiac muscle

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4
Q

What is the tunica externa made of

A

Collagen fiber connective tissue

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5
Q

What is the mass flow or Darcy’s law equation

A

Change in pressure/resistance

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6
Q

Which way does fluid flow

A

High to low pressure

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7
Q

What contributes to internal resistance

A

Viscosity which relates to thickness of liquids

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8
Q

Why is it important to know that fluid doesn’t flow in a linear fashion

A

Take into account how many times a particle hits the wall to determine friction
More friction causes loss of energy the particle has to flow through
Amount of friction depends on size of the tube

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9
Q

What does resistance consist of

A

Viscosity, radius, length
As length increases resistance increases
As radius increases resistance decreases

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10
Q

What are some capillary characteristics

A

Lack tunica media and tunica externa
Occasional contractile pericyte cell present

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11
Q

What is transcytosis

A

Transport of large water soluble substances across the cell

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12
Q

What is the paracellular pathway

A

Small molecules such as water and ions can move through pores

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13
Q

Why does blood flow need to be the same through the arterioles and capillaries

A

You can get back flow of blood

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14
Q

Why does blood flow through capillaries need to be slow

A

More efficient capillary exchange of oxygen and nutrients

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15
Q

What is a continuous capillary

A

Least permeable and most common

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16
Q

What are fenestrated capillaries

A

Contain large fenestrations that increase permeability
Occurs in areas of active filtration or absorption
Small intestine and kidneys

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17
Q

What are Sinusoid capillaries

A

Most permeable and occurs in limited locations
Incomplete basement membranes
Allows large molecules to pass through
Liver, bone marrow, spleen

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18
Q

What is vasoconstriction

A

When the diameter of a blood vessel decreases

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19
Q

What is vasodilation

A

When the diameter of a blood vessel increases

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20
Q

What is the primary target of vasoconstriction and vasodilation

A

Arterioles

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21
Q

What is angiogenesis

A

Minor vessels undergo remodeling
Controlled by activators and inhibitors
Often induced by hypoxia condition
Number of cells in tissues increases with age
Increased oxygen levels are needed

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22
Q

During angiogenesis what does growth factor do

A

Causes the basement membrane to dissolve and endothelial cells to proliferate

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23
Q

Are mammal and birds pulmonary and systemic circuits connected or separate

A

Separate

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24
Q

What are vertebrate circulatory systems made of

A

Comprised of one or more pumps

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25
What is proportional and what is inversely proportional to flow
Flow and pressure difference are proportional Flow and resistance are inversely proportional
26
What is flow
Volume of fluid that moves past a given point per unit time
27
What path does flow follow
The path of least resistance
28
What happens if we control resistance
Fluid can be directed and redirected to certain body parts
29
Resistors in series have a higher or lower level of resistance than resistors that are parallel
Resistors in series have a higher level
30
What is velocity determined by
Pressure and cross sectional area
31
What happens when blood vessels split
The velocity of each channel decreases
32
What does total flow through a capillary need to equal
Flow through the arteriole
33
What do vessels with a larger diameter experience
Greater amounts of transmural pressure (difference between internal and external pressure
34
What helps reduce the stress of the walls of a ventricle
Increasing the thickness of the walls
35
What must vessels do in order to stand pressure changes
Change diameter
36
What vessels are capable of changing due to pressure change
Elastic vessels
37
What do arterioles control and what is the result of this
Blood distribution through vasoconstriction and vasodilation which alters resistance
38
What is myogenic auto regulation
Negative feedback loop that helps maintain blood flow to tissues
39
What does increased blood flow cause
Increases pressure which causes stretching
40
What does stretching cause
Smooth muscle to contract and thus vasoconstriction
41
What are the vasoconstrictors
Noradrenaline Adrenaline Vasopressin Angiotensin II
42
Vasodilators
Histamine Kinins Atrial natriuretic peptide Vasoactive intestinal peptide
43
What two things control blood pressure
Elasticity of elastic arteries Volume of blood pumped into the arteries
44
What is systolic pressure
Ventricular systole causes blood to be ejected into arteries and pressure increased so blood flows away from the heart
45
What is diastolic pressure
When no blood is being pumped but elastic arteries serve as a pressure reserve
46
What is pulse pressure
Pressure on arteries during systole and diastole Systolic pressure minus diastolic pressure
47
What is blood pressure
Force exerted on the vessel walls by blood
48
What is another word for blood pressure cuff
Sphygmomanometer
49
How does a blood pressure cuff measure blood pressure
Cuts off circulation by applying pressure Pressure slowly reduces until blood flow begins and systolic pressure exceeds force exerted by the cuff Continuously reduces until karotkoff sound is no longer heard and diastolic pressure exceeds the force exerted by the cuff
50
What is karotkoff’s sound
Thumping of intermittent flow
51
What is the difference between a blowout and a collapse
Blowout is when the blood pressure is too high Collapse is when the blood pressure too low
52
Why is it important that capillaries are permeable
Low pressure is still enough to force filtrates out
53
What are venules
Receiving end of the capillary
54
Why is it important that arteries are elastic
In ventricular systole when ventricles force blood into the artery, elastin allows the artery to recoil which allows for continuous flow of blood
55
What functions can occur with muscular arteries
Vasoconstriction and vasodilation which helps maintain blood pressure Very large tunica media
56
What do arterioles contain
Contain sphincters which are enlargements of smooth muscle that will control if blood will enter a capillary because arterioles lead into the capillary
57
Do veins and arteries pulsate with cardiac cycle
Veins don’t but arteries do
58
In venous blood pressure why can’t pressure promote venous return
It’s too low
59
What is a muscular pump
Veins associated with muscles to put pressure on veins
60
What is a respiratory pump
Breathing causes increase in intrabdominal pressure
61
What is sympathetic vasoconstriction
Reduces volume of blood in veins near the heart creating a greater pressure gradient
62
What is hydrostatic pressure
Force exerted by the fluid itself
63
What is osmotic pressure and how do water concentrations and osmolarity relate
Osmolarity When osmolarity increases water concentration decreases and visa versa
64
Which way does water move
High to low
65
What is reabsorption
Inward pressure is greater than outward pressure
66
What is filtration
Outward pressure is greater than inward pressure
67
What leads to edema
Excess fluids in the tissue
68
What is the order from deep to superficial of cardiac muscle layers
Lumen, endothelium, tunica intima, tunica media, tunica externa

Physiology (13 decks)

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