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Physiology > Digestion > Flashcards

Digestion Flashcards

1
Q

What is mechanical digestion

A

Physical breakdown of macromolecules

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2
Q

What is chemical digestion

A

Use of enzymes to break macromolecules down

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3
Q

What is propulsion in regards to digestion

A

Use of smooth muscle for digestion

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4
Q

What is the pathway of absorption

A

Lumen of the GI tract to the blood and finally to the tissues

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5
Q

What is defecation

A

Gets rid of everything not used within the body

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6
Q

What is assimilation

A

Total process of breaking down and converting food to useable forms

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7
Q

What is the primary way to acquire nutrients

A

Ingestion
Aquatic vertebrates can obtain ions through gills and skin

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8
Q

True or false: macromolecules can be generated de novo

A

False they can’t be made from scratch

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9
Q

What is the process from ingestion to defecation

A

Ingestion which uses mechanical and chemical digestion then swallowing or deglutition which is done in the esophagus
The stomach then uses chemical digestion with a major component being HCl
Food then moves through the three parts of the small intestine using chemical digestion and this is also the part where absorption takes place
Then the food travels through the three parts of the large intestine, ascending, transverse, and descending where mostly water is absorbed
Finally the anus which is where defecation occurs

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10
Q

What must energy in diet match

A

Metabolic demands

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11
Q

What does each macromolecule have

A

Caloric equivalent
One gram of proteins or carbs has 4 kcal
One gram of fat has 9kcal

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12
Q

What is energy that can be broken down and energy that can be metabolized called

A

Digestible energy and metabolizable energy

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13
Q

What is energy lost in digestion called

A

Specific dynamic action
Metabolized energy is an important source of thermal energy for animals

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14
Q

What is metabolic demand

A

How much the body needs to maintain metabolism

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15
Q

What are the fat and water soluble vitamins

A

Fat: A,D,E,K, these can be toxic at high levels
Water: B family and C, high levels of these can be excreted in the urine

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16
Q

True or false: amino acids can be produced de novo

A

True but some need to be acquired in the diet which are called essential amino acids

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17
Q

What do amino acids make up and what can amino acid deficiency lead to

A

Proteins and a deficiency can lead to developmental affects and growth shunts
Plant proteins usually deficient in essential amino acids

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18
Q

Why do herbivores have long GI tract

A

They eat substances that are harder to digest so they need longer time to digest

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19
Q

What is the Hershey scale

A

How rigid and the color of fecal material
Can be used to judge where issues may occur in the GI tract

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20
Q

What might watery stool show and what might soft stool show

A

Watery stool indicates there may be issue with the small intestine
Soft stool means there may be issue with large intestine because it doesn’t have as much water absorption as small intestine

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21
Q

True or false: fats can be produced de novo

A

True although omega fatty acids must be obtained from the diet

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22
Q

What are the omega fatty acids and how can carnivores and herbivores obtain them

A

Linoleic and Linolenic acid
Carnivores obtain from fish and herbivores obtain from plants

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23
Q

What are lipases

A

They release fatty acids from triglycerides and phospholipids

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24
Q

What are proteases

A

Break proteins into shorter polypeptides (trypsin and chymotrypsin)

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25
What are peptidases, amylases, and nucleases
Peptidases cleave individual amino acids from polypeptides Amylases break down polysaccharides into oligosaccharides (dextrinase and glucoamylase) Disaccharides break down other disaccharides (maltase, sucrase, and lactase) Nucleases break down DNA into nucleotides
26
Why is pepsin an important peptidase
Pepsin is an endonuclease so it cleaves peptides in the middle of the
27
What is the difference between enterosymbionts, exosymbionts, and endosymbionts
Enterosymbionts lie within the lumen of the GI tract (considered outside the body), important in digestion, breakdown macromolecules that are poorly digested Exosymbionts are cultivated outside of body Endosymbionts grow in the animal embedded between host cells
28
What are bird beaks composed of
Bone covered by scales called rhamphoteca They are rich in keratin They correspond to diet
29
What are mammalian teeth made of
Enamel, dentin, and pulp Incisors, canines, premolars, and molars
30
What are the major parts of the digestive system
Mouth used for ingestion Pharynx used for food and air Esophagus used as passage for food Stomach used as acidic compartment Small intestine which has digestive enzymes and absorption of nutrients Large intestine which absorbs salts and water The anus which releases undigested materials Cecum which is a chamber that branches off the main GI tract
31
Why are villi, microvilli, and brush borders important to the GI tract
They maximize surface area for absorption
32
What controls passage between regions of the GI tract
Sphincters
33
Why are ruminants and tylopods unique
Ruminants have rumen and reticulum which house fermentation bacteria Ruminants and tylopods have abomasum and omasum which serve as glandular and non glandular stomach These compartments help digest plant material
34
What do salivary glands have
Water, enzymes, and anti microbial peptides Water is main component
35
What are the salivary glands regulated by
Parasympathetic nervous system as a response mechanoreceptor activation
36
How much saliva is produced in a human
1L every 24 hours
37
What is salivary amylase and lingual lipase
Amylase is Responsible for breakdown of starch or carbs Lingual lipase is responsible for breakdown of fats
38
After swallowing food, how does it get to the stomach
Must go through the gastroesophageal sphincter to get to stomach
39
What hormones are triggered by stomach receptors and how do they increase HCl production
Histamine Gastric Acetylcholine These all bind to parietal cells which leads to increase in HCl production
40
What happens when food is in the stomach
There is an increase in concentration of HCl
41
What causes an increased response to secrete HCl
The greater variety of hormones that bind to parietal cells For example, histamine and acetylcholine binding will produce more HCl then just acetylcholine
42
What does the stomach do and what are some components of it
It secretes acid and mucous It contains parietal cells which secrete HCl and chief cells which secrete digestive enzymes Enteroendocrine cells secrete hormones
43
Why is somatostatin important
It inhibits parietal cells and is released when there is no food Stretch receptors in small and large intestine activate stretch receptors and secrete somatostatin
44
Why is the mucosal barrier important
It protects the mucosal lining from acidic environments and is made of bicarbonate rich mucous It contains zonula occludens in epithelial cells and has a rapid replacement of damaged epithelial cells
45
How does histamine play a role in HCl production
It is released from stomach enteroendocrine cells and binds to receptor on parietal cells
46
How is histamine released
Peptide hormone from G cells in the stomach and duodenum stimulate enteroendocrine cells
47
How is Pepsinogen secreted
Gastrin stimulates the chief cells
48
What are enterocytes
Absorptive cells with microvilli
49
What are goblet cells
They secrete mucous
50
What are enteroendocrine cells
They secrete hormones
51
What do the crypts of lieberkuhn contain
The paneth cells which secrete antimicrobial peptides
52
What three enzymes within the small intestine come from the pancreas
Pancreatic amylase which breaks down starch Trypsin and chymotrypsin which break down proteins
53
What enzymes from the small intestine come from the intestines
Peptidases which break peptides into amino acids Sucrase, maltase, and lactase which break down disaccharides Lipase which breaks down lipids
54
What do the intestines receive and from where
Bile from the gallbladder
55
What is the result of secretin being released form the duodenum
Bicarbonate produced by the pancreas
56
How is a carbohydrate broken down
First stored as glycogen Polysaccharide broken down by salivary amylase and then pancreatic amylase further breaks it down in the intestines This makes oligo and disaccharides which are broken down by maltase, Sucrase, and lactase which are then broken down into monosaccharides Glucose, fructose, and galactose are what is actually absorbed
57
What is the fructose pathway
Goes into the cell using the Glut5 channel and goes out basolateral side using the Glut2 channel
58
What is the glucose and galactose pathway
They move into the cell via a cotransporter that takes Na out of the cell called the SGLT sodium glucose transport channel In the cell they will move to the basolateral side via the Glut2 channel and they enter the blood capillaries
59
What is the pathway for di and tri peptidases
Enter cell via H+ anti port Channel The proton moves out and the di and tri peptides move in using the same channel Amino acids enter via Na cotransporter and move out with same channel Small peptides enter via endocytosis
60
What is the pathway to breakdown proteins
Pepsin breaks down protein into di and tri peptides via trypsin and chymotrypsin Brush border enzymes break down di and tri peptides into individual amino acids Exopeptidases then break down polypeptide one amino acid at a time Amino peptidase cleaves amino acid at amino end Carboxypeptidase cleaves amino acid at carboxyl end
61
What are considered essential fatty acids
Omega acids
62
What is the pathway to break down fats
Broken down by lingual lipase, gastric lipase, and pancreatic lipase Fat compounds are surrounded by bile salts which break the compounds into smaller compounds while surrounding them using emulsification Increased surface areas causes lipases to break apart the fatty acid chains and micelles are formed from the bile salts Monoglycerides and fatty acids diffuse across cell membrane and cholesterol is actively transported
63
What happens to fatty acids in epithelial cells
They are rebuilt and coated with a protein to form chylomicron which can interact with water in the cytoplasm The chylomicron is exocytosed from cells and enters fenestrations of lacteal
64
What is the pathway calcium follows
Enters intestines through calcium channels Exported to blood by calcium atpases Accelerated by calbindin which is regulated by vitamin D
65
What is the pathway phosphorus follows
Enters intestine using inorganic phosphate and exported to blood via sodium potassium cotransporter
66
What is the pathway iron follows
Enters intestine through DMT1 and exported to blood by ferroportin channel
67
What pathway does sodium and chlorine follow
Enters intestine through multiple transporters Exported to blood by sodium and potassium atpase and chlorine gradient
68
What is appetite regulated by
CNS
69
What is leptin and where does it come from
Suppresses appetite and released from adipose tissue
70
What is ghrelin
Released from stomach and stimulates appetite Decreased ghrelin means decreased appetite
71
What is peptide YY
Suppresses appetite From the colon
72
What is gut motility controlled by
Smooth muscle surrounding the GI tract Peristalsis is what moves the food down the GI tract by contracting
73
What does gut motility have that keeps it active always
Interstitial cells of cajal which have HCN channels A slow wave potential depolarizes cell to threshold to open calcium channels
74
What is basal metabolic rate
Measured in homeothermic animals that are unstressed, inactive, and neutral ambient temperature
75
What is standard metabolic rate
Solidarity to basal metabolic rate but in poikilothermic animals at defined temps
76
What is the resting metabolic rate
Measured without specific constraints on activity
77
What is field metabolic rate
Measured with doubly labeled water
78
What is maximal sustained metabolic rate
Rate that can be sustained for long periods of time
79
What is the relationship between metabolic rate and temp and metabolic rate and body mass
metabolic rate increases when temp decreases As body mass increases metabolic rate increases

Physiology (13 decks)

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