Respiratory Disorders: Emphysema Flashcards
What is emphysema?
Destruction of alveolar walls and capillary beds
Alveolar wall and capillary are involved with __________ _________
capillary exchange or GE
What 2 things can destruction of alveolar wall and capillary cause?
- l/o compliance
2. enlarged distal airspaces
How does l/o compliance impact filling/emptying of alveoli?
l/o compliance–> decrease elastic tissue and recoil of alveoli–> increase residual volume –> filling/emptying of alveoli is impacted
Elastic tissue provides _____ and recoil ______ out the ____
compliance
pushes
air
How are enlarged distal airspaces formed?
by destroying wall of adjoining millions of little alveoli–> fewer and larger alveoli are created–> decrease SA for GE
Etiology of Emphysema (2)
- smoking
2. genetic deficiency of alpha-1 anti-trypsin (~1%)
What is Trypsin? Function
enzyme that breakdowns protein in the gut and aging structures for regeneration of tissue
Alpha-1 is the _____
subclass
Alpha-1 Anti-trypsin Function? What does it protect the lung from?
oppose the breakdown of proteins so useful tissues are not excessively broken down
It protect the lung from breakdown
What happens in deficient alpha-1 anti-trypsin?
Trypsin are freely breaking down functional tissues of the walls of alveoli and capillaries
Patho: Alpha-1 anti-trypsin regulates ______. Why must be regulated? What happens if there is deficient alpha-1 anti-trypsin?
proteases–> breaks down structural proteins
Proteases must be regulated otherwise it continuously break down protein structures
If there is a deficient of alpha-1 anti-trypsin–>proteases fxn freely and cause destruction of lung structures (alveoli, bronchi, etc)
Patho: Deficiency of alpha-1 anti-trypsin is damaging to the ____ and cause what (2)?
lungs
- irreversible destruction resulting in distended air spaces where there is no GE
- air become trapped in alveoli–> increase work of breathing
Patho: What are 2 effects of smoking in Emphysema?
- inhibits alpha-1 antitrypsin –> regulation of proteases is lost causing destruction in lung
- attracts inflm cells–> releasing more proteases and cause inflammatory damage –> more destruction
Patho: How do proteases impair ventilation?
proteases destroy alveolar walls –> alveoli merge –> decrease SA–> distended air space develop–> ventilation impaired
d/t damage, air coming in move into spaces between _______ creating large ______ of ___ between _______. This is also known as ______ _____.
alveoli
pockets
air
alveoli
dead space