Respiratory Disease/Liver and Kidney Failre Flashcards
What are the five causes of Premature Deaths In England?
Cancer 42 % Cardiovascular Disease 22% Other 21% Respiratory Disease 9% Liver disease 6%
Preventable Cancers
Smoking being the leading cause of cancer which can be prevented 19%
Excess Bodyweight : 2nd Largest Preventable cause of cancer 5%
Prevention:42% in preventable cases of cancer
What are the ways you could prevent cancer ?
Lifestyle
- Be smoke free
- Eat Five a day
- Eat more Fruit and Veg
- Exercise
- Eat less salt
Other - Breast Feed when needed
- Minimise infections
Respiratory Tract
Smoking and pollution can decrease mucous production and destroy cilia
- increasing the risk of respiratory infections.
- Alcohol can paralyze cilia.
Importance of Lung Macrophages
keep the lungs clean by phagocytizing particulates.
Lung Cancer
Lungs provide optimum environment for tumour development and growth.
Carcinogens could be difficult to eliminate in the air passages and there is a rich blood source providing nutrients and access to metastasis.
Common Cancer -
53% More than half of cases are breast, prostate ,Lung
More common cancer for Men
Prostate ,Lung , Bowel
UK , 2014
Most common cancer for Females
Breast, Lung , Bowel
2014 UK
Why is high salt Intake dangerous ?
When cells are exposed to high levels of salt (sodium chloride) they lose water by osmosis and shrink. The cytoplasm condenses and the movement of cellular components, such as the cytoskeleton and organelles, stops.
Cells adapt to high salt by quickly importing salt in order to attract water and regain volume, at the expense of increased salt concentration.
Unlike cell volume, the movements of cellular components are slow to recover and, depending on the dose of salt, may not recover fully. (Images made in part with Servier Medical Art.)
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a common lung disease. Having COPD makes it hard to breathe.
There are two main forms of COPD: Chronic
bronchitis, which involves a long-term cough with mucus.
Emphysema, which involves damage to the lungs over time.
Group of chronic disorders characterized by irreversible, progressive tissue degeneration and airway obstruction
What can Asthma be triggered by ?
Inflammatory Factors - Allergens
Irritants- Stress for example
Others -Polluants
What are some of the Functions of the Liver ?
Metabolism: carbohydrates, protein, and fat delivered through the portal circulation
-Synthesis: glucose, plasma proteins, clotting factors -
Storage: glucose, fats, vitamin B12 and release them -
Detoxification of blood and excretion of harmful chemicals, drugs and hormones
- Produce bile
- Remove old erythrocytes
What are some of the Liver function
Dual blood supply: -Hepatic artery carries oxygenated blood at 300 mL per minute
-The portal vein carries partially deoxygenated blood from the stomach, pancreas, spleen and intestines to the liver at 1000 mL per minute to process nutrients.
The liver cells are arranged in long interconnected plates called lobules
Liver cells nearest the central veins are much less supplied of oxygen and nutrients, making them more vulnerable to injury from toxic agents or circulatory disturbances.
The liver is on of the few organs that can regenerate: as much as 75% of the liver can be lost or removed, remaining liver tissue can regenerate into a whole new liver again. Hepatocytesare acting like stem cells.
What are some of the Primary Disorder of Liver ?
Alcohol Contributing to 24 %
Hepatitis C 24 %
Hepatitis B 11%
Disorders of the liver are usually serious and often life threatening. These disorders are often acquired through hepatotoxic substances or infections.
What are some of Liver Mechanism ?
Liver is susceptible to injury from drugs due to its unique metabolism and close relationship with the GIT -
75% of blood comes directly to the liver from GIT binging drugs in concentrated form
-Hepatic injury is caused by several mechanisms, primarily by mitochondrial damage and production of free radicals
The liver is on of the few organs that can regenerate: as much as 75% of the liver can be lost or removed, remaining liver tissue can regenerate into a whole new liver again. Hepatocytesare acting like stem cells.
Liver cells nearest the central veins are much less supplied of oxygen and nutrients, making them more vulnerable to injury from toxic agents or circulatory disturbances.
