Part 1 Introduction to Pharmacology Flashcards
Identify some historical trends ?
Hipocrates ( fifth century) advanced idea that disease resulted from natural causes.
Primitive people through to the Egyptian period believed that an evil spirit was living in the body; hence why you were ill
Monastries first site of learning – humanitarian effort
What is Pharmacology ?
, is the study of drugs with drugs being a vague concept. Pharmacology is at the interface of many different disciplines.
The drugs can vary in size and chemical nature, with sources from plants, animals, fungi, bacteria or the good old chemistry set.
What are the two areas of Pharmacology ?
the two key areas of pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics are at the core of the discipline.
In most of the pharmacologic specialties, drugs are also used today as tools to gain insight into both normal and abnormal function.
What is Drug ?
“any chemical entity or mixture of entities, other than those required for the maintenance of normal health (food), the administration of which alters biological function and possibly structure”
What is the Difference between Drug and Medicine /Medication ?
Medicine /Medication;
a drug deliberately administered for its medicinal value:
preventive agent
diagnostic agent
therapeutic agent and
Drug :
often used interchangeably with the word medicine
can refer to chemical substances that do not have:
- preventative use
- diagnostic use
- therapeutic use
What are some examples of Sources of Drugs ?
Plant for example Morphine
Animal Sources - Insulin
Minerals - Liquid Paraffin
Microorganism - Penicillin
Synthetic - Anti cancer drugs
Genetic Engineering - Growth Hormones
Hybridoma Technology - Herceptin
What are Personalised Medicine ?
… aims to:
predict better
diagnose earlier
treat more efficiently
provide care for the individual person, based on individual data, not probalistic care
What is Pharmokinetics ?
What the body does to drug.
What is Pharmo dynamics ?
What the drug does to body
What is Pharmo Kinetics ?
Pharmacokinetics is concerned with what happens to the drugs once it enters the body.
What is Pharmo Kinetics ?
Pharmacokinetics is concerned with what happens to the drugs once it enters the body.
The active concentration of the compound is determined by it absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion (ADME
With absorption , is influenced by many factors, with gut microbial modification of the drug gaining more and more recognition.
Metabolism of the drug mainly takes place in the liver. The Cytochrome P450 enzymes play a major role.
The role of Cytochrome p450 enzymes , metabolize potentially toxic compounds, including drugs and products of endogenous metabolism such as bilirubin, principally in the liver.
To work what does the Paracetamol do ?
dissolve survive a range of pHs (1.5 to 8.0) cross membranes survive intestinal bacteria survive liver metabolism avoid active transport to bile avoid excretion by kidneys partition into target organ avoid partitioning into undesired places (e.g. brain, foetus)
Process in Pharmokinectics do ?
Absorption: the process by which a drug moves from its site of administration to the systemic circulation
Distribution: the reversible transfer of a drug to and from the systemic circulation
Metabolism: any chemical alteration of a drug by the living system to enhance water solubility and hence excretion
Excretion (Elimination): the irreversible transfer of a drug from the systemic circulation
