Cardiovascular Disease Flashcards
What is Atherosclerosis ?
Atherosclerosis is a disease in which plaque builds up inside your arteries. Arteries are blood vessels that carry oxygen-rich blood to your heart and other parts of your body. Plaque is made up of fat, cholesterol, calcium, and other substances found in the blood.
Atheriosclerosis causes narrowing, thrombosis, and weakening of vessel wall, which may lead to strokes and aneurysms.
What are some symptoms of Atherosclerosis ?
chest pain or angina.
pain in your leg, arm, and anywhere else that has a blocked artery.
shortness of breath.
fatigue.
confusion, which occurs if the blockage affects circulation to your brain.
muscle weakness in your legs from lack of circulation
What are some risk factors of Atherosclerosis ?
Unhealthy blood cholesterol levels. This includes high LDL cholesterol (sometimes called "bad" cholesterol) and low HDL cholesterol (sometimes called "good" cholesterol). High blood pressure. ... Smoking. ... Insulin resistance. ... Diabetes. ... Overweight or obesity. ... Lack of physical activity. ... Unhealthy diet.
Obesity and atherosclerosis. …
significantly increases the risk for heart disease. The association of obesity with cardiovascular risk factors, such as high blood pressure, high cholesterol and diabetes, has been well established. … Smoking has been implicated in a variety of disease states
Exercise can be prevented Exercise. Exercise regularly. Regular aerobic exercise can help fight atherosclerosis by reducing the amount of fat in your blood, lowering your blood pressure and cholesterol, and controlling your weight.
What is Myocardia infarction ?
Heart Attack
Myocardial infarction may produce arrhythmias, heart failure, intracardial thrombi or cardiac rupture.
What is Aneurysm ?
an excessive localized swelling of the wall of an artery.
Complication of Myocardial Infarction
Arrhythmias from irritability of ischemic heart muscle adjacent to the infarct or from conduction disturbance (heart block)
Acute or chronic heart failure due to badly damaged ventricles
Intracardial thrombi: mural thrombus forms on ventricular wall; bits of clot embolize into systemic circulation causing infarct in brain, kidneys, spleen
Cardiac rupture: blood leaks into pericardial sac from perforation in necrotic muscle, prevents ventricular filling (cardiac tamponade)
What are some risk factors which can cause myocardial infarction ?
Factors affecting myocardial infarction survival: Size of infarct, Age of patient, Complications, Other diseases
Information - Evidence (Myocardial Infarction)
Mortality rates: 6% for small infarcts without heart failure to ≥ 50% for large infarcts with severe heart failure
Mortality rates: 6% for small infarcts without heart failure to ≥ 50% for large infarcts with severe heart failure
90% of hospitalized patients survive
What is a treatment for Myocardial infarction
?
bypass Surgery Uses segment of saphenous vein or internal mammary arteries to bypass obstruction
LEG placing it the area affected
What is Hypertension >??
abnormally high blood pressure.
Symtoms :
- Severe headache. Fatigue or confusion. Vision problems. Chest pain. Difficulty breathing. Irregular heartbeat. Blood in the urine. Pounding in your chest, neck, or ears.
What does excessive blood pressure result in from Hypertension ?
Cardiac effects: increased peripheral resistance → higher workload → heart enlarges → heart failure
Vascular effects: increased pressure → premature wearing out of vessels; accelerates atherosclerosis; injury to arterioles → rupture and haemorrhage
Renal effects: narrowed renal arterioles → decreased blood supply to kidneys → injury and degenerative changes in glomeruli and tubules → renal failure
What is another treatment for myocardial infarction ?
Thrombolytic therapy
Thrombolytic therapy is effective but clot may not dissolve completely. May cause bleeding problems.
Angioplasty favoured for restoring coronary blood flow. Treatments include: Streptokinase: fibrinolytic enzyme from beta streptococci; activates plasminogen, reduces blood coagulability, dissolves clots Tissue plasminogenactivator (TPA): converts plasminogen to plasmin and dissolves clots
Aspirin: reduces tendency of platelets to aggregate Heparin: reduces coagulability of blood, reduces clot formation
Beta-blockers: reduce myocardial irritability, which could lead to arrhythmias
Cardiac pacemaker: if complete heart block develops
What is Rheumatic fever and heart disease ?
Rheumatic fever is an inflammatory disorder caused by a Group A strep throat infection. It affects the connective tissue of the body, causing temporary, painful arthritis and other symptoms.
In some cases rheumatic fever causes long-term damage to the heart and its valves. This is called rheumatic heart disease.
How does Rheumatic fever and heart disease relate ?
Rheumatic heart disease is a complication of rheumatic fever in which the heart valves are damaged. Rheumatic fever is an inflammatory disease that begins with strep throat. It can affect connective tissue throughout the body, especially in the heart, joints, brain and skin.
What are some outcomes of the fever ?
Clinical outcomes: -Healing with scarring of tissues (heart valves) -Death from severe inflammation and acute heart failure -Can recur if another streptococcal infection reactivates hypersensitivity and tissue damage
What is Infective endocarditis ?
Caused by organisms of low virulence
Complication of any valvular heart disease
Platelets and fibrin may deposit on abnormal or damaged valves; then serve as sites for bacteria to implant or form thrombi, leading to emboli and tissue infarct
Prophylactic antibiotics given prior to dental or surgical procedures to prevent transient bacteremia and resulting endocarditis
What is Congenital heart disease and what are some of the causea ?
Heart fails to develop normally, blood pulmonary and systemic blood get mixed: -partitions between cardiac chambers may be defective,
-abnormal cardiac valves, -vessels entering or leaving the heart may not communicate normally
Causes: German measles, Down syndrome, drugs, genetic factors
Congenital heart disease - is a problem in the structure of the heart that is present at birth. Signs and symptoms depend on the specific type of problem.
What is Esophageal varices ?
Esophageal varices sometimes form when blood flow to your liver is blocked, most often by scar tissue in the liver caused by liver disease. The blood flow begins to back up, increasing pressure within the large vein (portal vein) that carries blood to your liver.
What are the main causes of Esophageal varices ?
Esophageal varices almost always occur in people who have cirrhosis of the liver.
Cirrhosis causes scarring of the liver, which slows the flow of blood through the liver.
Scarring causes blood to back up in the portal vein, the main vein that delivers blood from the stomach and intestines to the liver.
What exactly is varices ?
Varices are dilated blood vessels in the esophagus or stomach caused by portal hypertension. They cause no symptoms unless they rupture and bleed, which can be life-threatening.
Someone with symptoms of bleeding varices should seek treatment immediately. Doctors can stop the bleeding and help prevent varices from coming back.
