Neurobiology

Question 1

What is Human Disease?

Answer 1

Abnormal conditions that affect the body

Caused by external source , such as infections diseases

Caused by internal dysfunctions (autoimmune diseases)

Affect humans physically and emotionally

Cause pain , distress etc

Injuries, disabilities and disorers

Question 2

What is brain damage caused by ?

Answer 2

Tumours
Cereborvasuclaur Disorder 
Closed-Head Injuries
Infections
Neurotoxins

Question 3

WhatExamples of Neuropsychological diseases ?

Answer 3

Epilepsy
Alzheimer’s Disease
Parkinson’s Disease

Question 4

What are some of the things that can change neurons and connection ?

Answer 4

Accidents
Drugs
Alcohol
Disease

Question 5

What does the Central Nervous system consist of ?

Answer 5

Brain and spinal cord

Encased and protected by bone and membrane

Question 6

What does the Peripheral nervous system consists of ?

Answer 6

nerves outside of the CNS.

not protected as extensively and is a route into the CNS.

Question 7

What are the membranes of the CNS?

Answer 7

Pia mater, Dura mater and arachnoid

Question 8

What are some brain disases in, viral etc ?terms of fungal v

Answer 8

Fungal
Brain abcess
Spinal Epidural infection

Bacterial
TB
Leprosy
Brain abscess

Protozoal
toxoplasmosis
malaria
Primary amoebic meningoencephal

Question 9

What are some brain injuries ?

Answer 9

Stroke a vascular events causing brain damage in the brain

Brain damage
Destruction or degeneration of brain cells

Traumatic brain injury :Outside force traumatically injuries brain .

Question 10

Brain Dysfunction

Answer 10

Aphasia (lang)
Dysarthria (speech)

Apraxia ( patterso or sequence of movemnts )

Agnosia ( identifying things peoples )

Amnesia ( memory)

Question 11

What does the brain and spinal cord in the central nervous system consists of ?

Answer 11

Grey Matter :

Nerve cell (neuron) bodies

Non -myelinated fibres

White matter

• Myelinated Fibres
• Gilia cells

Question 12

What are Meniges ?

Answer 12

The brain and spinal cord are covered by connective tissue layers collectively called the meninges which form the blood-brain barrier.

Question 13

Functions of Neurons

Answer 13

Sensory Neurons allow you to experience the outside world using your senses, such as seeing, feeling, smelling, hearing, and tasting.

Motor Neurons communicate with muscle fibres to make them contract or relax. They allow you to move your body.

Interneurons communicate with other neurons. They are abundant in your brain and allow you to process information and think.

Question 14

Structure of Neuron ?

Answer 14

Dendrites - Stimulated by environmental changes or the activities of other cells

Cell Body : contains the nucleus , mitochondria

Axon Single long branch

Conducts nerve implulse action potential

Question 15

Communicate information /

Answer 15

Electrical signals process and transmit information
within a cell

Chemical signals transmit information between cells

Sensory neurons specialised receptors convert stimuli into electrical signals

Electrical signals are converted to chemical signals

Interneurons convert the chemical signals back into electrical signals

This information is transmitted to motor neuron that that stimulate other cells such as skeletal muscle or glands

Question 16

What synapses and what are the three different types of synapses ?

Answer 16

Presynaptic - Ending containing neurotransmitters, mitochondria and other cell organelles

Postsynaptic ending - Containing receptor sites for neurotransmitters
Synaptic cleft -

Synaptic cleft - space between the presynaptic and postsynaptic endings.

Question 17

What makes a chemical a neurotransmitter ?

Answer 17

Must be produced & stored in the neuron

Must be released when the neuron is stimulated (depolarized)

Must bind to postsynaptic receptors & have a biological effect

Question 18

Name some neurotransmitters ?

Answer 18

Acetylcholine - Associated with muscle control and memory .d

Dopamine - Pleasure and reward associated

Norepinephrine -
Coping behaviour to stressful events
Regulation of brain activation

Serotonin - Mood stress /pain /appetite .

Question 19

Name some Central Nervous infections ?

Answer 19

Meningitis
Infection of the subarachnoid space with meningeal involvement .

Encephalitis :
Inflammation of brain

Meningoencephalitis :
Inflammation of brain with meningeal involvement

Brain Abscess ;
Pathogens may be bacterial

Question 20

CNS infections

Answer 20

• Several Headache /Worst headache
• High Fever ( 39 )does not get lower with a tepid bath or fever-reducing medicine.
• Stiff neck.

Swelling in the meninges (membranes around the spinal cord and brain) causes a stiff neck that makes it extremely painful to move the neck or head.

Nausea and vomiting.

Numbness or loss of feeling. Sepsis (blood poisoning) can reduce the amount of blood that gets to a person’s hands and feet,

Light sensitivity.

Confusion. Swelling around the brain can make a person confused.

Rash. Purple spots that do not turn white when pressed on - sign of sepsis.

Seizures. Sometimes seizures similar to the kind that people with epilepsy.

Question 21

Meningitis

Answer 21

Inflammation of the meniges

If severe ,may become encephalitis (inflammation of the brain )

Growth of bacteria , virus , fungi or parasites within the space or growth of bacteria or viruses within meningeal cells