Neurobiology Flashcards
What is Human Disease?
Abnormal conditions that affect the body
Caused by external source , such as infections diseases
Caused by internal dysfunctions (autoimmune diseases)
Affect humans physically and emotionally
Cause pain , distress etc
Injuries, disabilities and disorers
What is brain damage caused by ?
Tumours Cereborvasuclaur Disorder Closed-Head Injuries Infections Neurotoxins
WhatExamples of Neuropsychological diseases ?
Epilepsy
Alzheimer’s Disease
Parkinson’s Disease
What are some of the things that can change neurons and connection ?
Accidents
Drugs
Alcohol
Disease
What does the Central Nervous system consist of ?
Brain and spinal cord
Encased and protected by bone and membrane
What does the Peripheral nervous system consists of ?
nerves outside of the CNS.
not protected as extensively and is a route into the CNS.
What are the membranes of the CNS?
Pia mater, Dura mater and arachnoid
What are some brain disases in, viral etc ?terms of fungal v
Fungal
Brain abcess
Spinal Epidural infection
Bacterial
TB
Leprosy
Brain abscess
Protozoal
toxoplasmosis
malaria
Primary amoebic meningoencephal
What are some brain injuries ?
Stroke a vascular events causing brain damage in the brain
Brain damage
Destruction or degeneration of brain cells
Traumatic brain injury :Outside force traumatically injuries brain .
Brain Dysfunction
Aphasia (lang)
Dysarthria (speech)
Apraxia ( patterso or sequence of movemnts )
Agnosia ( identifying things peoples )
Amnesia ( memory)
What does the brain and spinal cord in the central nervous system consists of ?
Grey Matter :
Nerve cell (neuron) bodies
Non -myelinated fibres
White matter
- Myelinated Fibres
- Gilia cells
What are Meniges ?
The brain and spinal cord are covered by connective tissue layers collectively called the meninges which form the blood-brain barrier.
Functions of Neurons
Sensory Neurons allow you to experience the outside world using your senses, such as seeing, feeling, smelling, hearing, and tasting.
Motor Neurons communicate with muscle fibres to make them contract or relax. They allow you to move your body.
Interneurons communicate with other neurons. They are abundant in your brain and allow you to process information and think.
Structure of Neuron ?
Dendrites - Stimulated by environmental changes or the activities of other cells
Cell Body : contains the nucleus , mitochondria
Axon Single long branch
Conducts nerve implulse action potential
Communicate information /
Electrical signals process and transmit information
within a cell
Chemical signals transmit information between cells
Sensory neurons specialised receptors convert stimuli into electrical signals
Electrical signals are converted to chemical signals
Interneurons convert the chemical signals back into electrical signals
This information is transmitted to motor neuron that that stimulate other cells such as skeletal muscle or glands
What synapses and what are the three different types of synapses ?
Presynaptic - Ending containing neurotransmitters, mitochondria and other cell organelles
Postsynaptic ending - Containing receptor sites for neurotransmitters
Synaptic cleft -
Synaptic cleft - space between the presynaptic and postsynaptic endings.
What makes a chemical a neurotransmitter ?
Must be produced & stored in the neuron
Must be released when the neuron is stimulated (depolarized)
Must bind to postsynaptic receptors & have a biological effect
Name some neurotransmitters ?
Acetylcholine - Associated with muscle control and memory .d
Dopamine - Pleasure and reward associated
Norepinephrine -
Coping behaviour to stressful events
Regulation of brain activation
Serotonin - Mood stress /pain /appetite .
Name some Central Nervous infections ?
Meningitis
Infection of the subarachnoid space with meningeal involvement .
Encephalitis :
Inflammation of brain
Meningoencephalitis :
Inflammation of brain with meningeal involvement
Brain Abscess ;
Pathogens may be bacterial
CNS infections
- Several Headache /Worst headache
- High Fever ( 39 )does not get lower with a tepid bath or fever-reducing medicine.
- Stiff neck.
Swelling in the meninges (membranes around the spinal cord and brain) causes a stiff neck that makes it extremely painful to move the neck or head.
Nausea and vomiting.
Numbness or loss of feeling. Sepsis (blood poisoning) can reduce the amount of blood that gets to a person’s hands and feet,
Light sensitivity.
Confusion. Swelling around the brain can make a person confused.
Rash. Purple spots that do not turn white when pressed on - sign of sepsis.
Seizures. Sometimes seizures similar to the kind that people with epilepsy.
Meningitis
Inflammation of the meniges
If severe ,may become encephalitis (inflammation of the brain )
Growth of bacteria , virus , fungi or parasites within the space or growth of bacteria or viruses within meningeal cells
