May 2018 Paper Questions Answered Flashcards
Important Contributions in Bio Medicine
Alexander Fleming - 1928
Penicillin Discovery
Life saver after of the WW2 - Elimination
Evidence - Potri Dish growing with an active bacteria killing it known as penicillin .
Anton Van Leeuwenhoek 1616
First to observe bacteria
Discovered Protozoa the single cells organism called animalcules
Jonas Salk 1955
Introduced a killer virus vaccine named polio
Diseases became widespread during post America war
After the Polio Vaccination, a number of polio cases dramatically dropped
Louis Pasteur 19 th centry
- Developed Pasteurization /vaccines against rabies and anthrax
- Microorganism could be pathogenic to humans
Robert Koch 1876
- Developed four pastulates to identify an organism as causative agent of a diseases .
- It must always be present in the diseases
- Suceptible Healthy animal
Give an examples of one viral /one bacterial and one protozoan pathogen and explain briefly their pathogens
Rubella -
Malaria- Plasodium /bite of a female mosquito /protozoa
Bacteria - Urinary Tract Infection
Summarise your understanding and give an examples of primary, secondary and tertiary prevention interventions ?
Primary Interventions - Prevent the disease at first before it even occurs
Examples to avoid skin cancer put on sun scream through detailed posters etc.
Secondary Interventions - Aims to reduce the impact of disease or injury once it has occurred such as an heart attach , having regaulr gp checks or exercise programms further prevent them .
Tertiary - Soften the impact of the ongoing illness , living well weekly sessions
Briefly summarise the processes of ,Hemostasis acute inflammation, and wound healing that occur in response to minor, acute skin injuries. Indicate some major functions and approximate time scales of each process, as well as some participating cell types and proteins
Hemostasis is the natural process that stops blood loss when an injury occurs.It involves three steps: (1) vascular spasm ( vasoconstriction ); (2) platelet plug formation; and (3) coagulation. … Fibrin acts as a “molecular glue” during clot formation, holding the platelet plug together
Acute inflammation begins within seconds to minutes following the injury of tissues. The damage may be purely physical, or it may involve the activation of an immune response. Three main processes occur: Increased blood flow due to dilation of blood vessels (arterioles) supplying the region
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Wound healing is the process whereby the skin repairs itself after injury. … The inflammatory response clears the wound site of debris and prevents infection. During the proliferative phase new tissue and an extra cellular matrix to support tissue repair are laid down.
Describe in detail how Parkinson’s disease develops and affects the brain function
Degenerative brain disorders examples Parkinson disease
Degeneration of dopamine releasing neurons of the substantia nigra
Decreased levels of dopamine causes neurons of the striatum to fire uncontroablly causing a delay in motor function
Symptoms of rigisty , tremors and bradykinesia ]
Neurons that make dopamine are slowly destroyed
Explain concisely angiogenesis and its role in cancer development .
Angiogenesis development of new blood vessel .
Tumours need to develop blood vessels to supply oxygen and nutrients in order for them to spread
Mechanism in the tumour growth in which it requires , proper nourishment /removal of metabolic /
Explain the difference and give at least two examples of non-communicable respiratory disease
Cystic Fibrosis - Caused defective gene /genetic respiratory disease /thick mucus/common cold
Lung cancer - Coughing blood/difficult to detect /mutations
Explain the different types of Diabetes Mellitus
Type 1 :
Common in children
Auto immune condition
Symptoms : increase thirst , fatigue /tiredness
the body’s own immune system — which normally fights harmful bacteria and viruses — mistakenly destroys the insulin-producing (islet, or islets of Langerhans) cells in the pancreas
Type 2 :
- Lack of insulin production
= Common in adults - Black and Asian 4x more likely
#- Common in adults can be caused by obesity,
Compare the difference between Alzheimer’s Diseases and Parkinson Death ?
They are both types of degenerative brain disorders
Alzheimer’s Disease - Progressive degenerative disease of the brain that results in dementia (frontemportal)
Death of nerve which we use acetylcholine ( treatments0
Memory loss due to degeneration of acetylcholine containing neuron In both sub cortical and cortical regions
What is the Difference between Pharmodynamics and Pharmokinectics ?
Pharmokinectics - Focuses on the fate of the drug
- Goes through a route
Absorption - Influence of gut microbial an drug modification
Metabolism - the enzyme p450 Metabolises potential toxic compounds
Pharmodynamic- Focuses on how the what the drug does to the body
- Binding of receptors /has biochemical and physiological effections such as the efficiency of drugs - intermolecular bonds
