respiratory cell biology

Question 1

in alveoli, what immune cells are present

Answer 1

no ciliated cells so many macrophages and neutrophils

Question 2

function of macrophages

Answer 2

phagocytic so engulf particles deposited in alveoli

Question 3

where do macrophages migrate into from alveoli

Answer 3

migrate into lymphatics or ejected by mucocilliary transport

Question 4

neutrophils vs macrophages in patients with infection in lungs/smokers

Answer 4

more neutrophils present than macrophages (both increase but neutrophils much bigger increase as lots of bacteria in airways as not being cleared)

Question 5

5 functions of neutrophils

Answer 5

phagocytosis, antimicrobial defence, synthesise antioxidants, xenobiotic metabolism, produce inflammatory mediators

Question 6

oxidants from neutrophils and macrophages

Answer 6

generate highly reactive peroxides, interact with proteins and lipids, fragment connective tissue

Question 7

2 mediators secreted from macrophages

Answer 7

chemoattractants and cytokines

Question 8

function of chemoattractants and cytokines secreted by macrophages

Answer 8

attract more inflammatory cells during infection or after toxicant/microbial deposition; attracts growth factors and proteases, which trigger growth and repair by other cells

Question 9

what proteinases are released from neutrophils

Answer 9

serine and metallo

Question 10

function of serine and metallo proteinases

Answer 10

break down proteins, connective tissue, elastin and collagen when activated by toxins - dissolve lungs if too many; activate each other

Question 11

regulatory-inflammatory cells in airways: cells

Answer 11

eosinophil, neutrophil, macrophage, mast cell, T lymphocyte, structural cells (smooth muscle)

Question 12

regulatory-inflammatory cells in airways: effect of mediators

Answer 12

smooth muscle (airway, vascular: contraction, relaxation), secretion (mucins, water, etc), plasma exudation, neural modulation, chemotaxis, remodelling

Question 13

normal macrophage-to-neutrophil ratio

Answer 13

70:30

Question 14

define xenobiotic metabolism

Answer 14

metabolism of foreign compounds deposited by inhalation

Question 15

what perfors xenobiotic metabolism

Answer 15

phase I and II enzymes secreted by type II pneumocytes and macrophages

Question 16

what do phase I and II enzymes convert procarcinogens to and outcome

Answer 16

phase I converts to active compounds, phase II makes them water soluble for excretion

Question 17

outcome if procarcinogen overloading

Answer 17

DNA binding and mutations