respiratory and circulatory system Flashcards
nares
nostrils
epiglottus
cartilage tissue that covers larynx during swallowing and covers esophagus during breathing
larynx
contains the voice box
trachea
continue path of air to the lungs
- epithelia lined with goblet cells (secrete mucus) and cilia
goblet cells
secrete mucus
bronchi
bilateral and lined with ciliated epithelium
- divide into secondary and terciary bronchioles to the point of alveoli
alveoli
small sacs where gas exchange occurs
coated with surfactant (reduce surface tension)
thoracic cavity
lungs and heart, protected by ribs
pulmonary pleura
serous membrane sorrounding lungs
diaphragm
muscle that contracts to breath, and expand lungs
- pressure decreases as lungs expand and air rushes in
negative-pressure respiration
diaphragm expands the thoracic cavity, decreased pressure causes a pressure difference between atmosphere and lungs so air rushes into lungs
passive exhalation
relaxation of diaphragm
active exhalation
use inter-coastal muscles and abdominal muscle to expel air
what kind of blood returns to lungs
deoxygenated blood rich in co2
what is oxygen carried by
hemoglobin
tidal volume
normal volume of air breathed in and out in a normal respiration
expiratory reserve volume
additional air that can be expelled from lungs after normal respiration
inspiratory reserve volume
additional air that can be inhaled after normal respiration
total lung capacity
the most air that can be inhaled in the lungs at one time
residual volume
air remaining after breathing out as much as possible
vital capacity
difference between TLC and RV
defensins
antibiotic proteins of the respiratory system
- inate immune system defense
respiratory system can funciton in thermoregulatio
vasoconstriction and vasodilation in nose
panting when hot
co2
biproduct/waste of aerobic metabolism and breathing that must be exhaled
bicarbonate buffer system
co2 + h20 –> H2CO3 –> H + Hco3-
acidosis
when blood drops below 7.35
alkilosis
when blood raises above 7.45 pH
how does the body sense blood acidemia
chemoreceptors in CNS which cause respiratotion levels to increase to expel acidosis
hypoventilation can cause
build up of co2
hyperventilation can cause
increase of o2, decrease in co2 and alkalemia
plasma
water, nutrients, hormones, waste, salts gas, amino acids
serum
plasma with clottng factor removed
what measures is plasma volume tied to
blood pressure and hydration
what hormones regulate plasma volume
aldosterone and ADH
how does aldosterone affect plasma volume
increases the absorption of NA in the Distal convuluted tubule and collecting duct which drives osmosis / water reabsorption
- raises blood volume and blood pressure
how does ADH/vasopressin affect plasma volume
acts only on the collecting duct of the nephron to increase water reabsorption
how does ANP affect plasma volume
decreases plasma volume by decreasing sodium reabsorption
leukocytes
white blood cells important for immunity
platelets
cell fragments that allow for blood to clot
thrombin
cuts fibrinogen to fibrin
erythrocytes
no nucleus, no aerobic respiration , no mit –> biconcave shape to travel through capillaries
- contain lots of hemoglobin and transport oxygen through the blood
erythropoetin
hormone released to produce more RBCs in bone marrow when counts are low
where are RBCs degraded
spleen
hemocrit
portion of blood with RBCs
what kind of dominance is exhibited in ABO blood system
codominance
type A
presents A antigen
has B antibodies
Type B
presents B antigen
has A antibodies
Type AB
has AB antigen
has no antibodies
- universal reciever
Type o
has no antigen
has AB antibdies
universal donor
who can type A receive from
A, O
who can type AB receive from
A, B, o
Rh factor
single antigen (+) or none (-)
AB+
universal acceptor
o-
universal donor
has no antigens that reciever could attack
path of deoxygenated blood through the heart
SVC–> RA –> RAV (tri) –> RV –> sl valve –> pulmonary artery –> lungs
** in lungs blood becomes oxygenated
enters pulmonary vein –> LA –> bicuspid –> LV –> aortic sl valve –> aorta
AV valves
seperate atria and ventricles, prevent back flow of blood
bicuspid valve
left av valve
what makes the lub dub sound of the heart
- AV valves close
- SL valves close
which are more muscular? atria or ventricles
ventricles, because they pump blood away from the heart
left is larger because it pumps to whole body
systole
contraction of the heart
diastole
relaxation of the heart
normal bp reading
120 mmhg/ 80 mmhg
types of blood vessels
arteries, veins, capillaries
arteries
move away from the heart
vein
move toward heart
capillaries
smallest vessels where gas exchange takes place
systemic circulation
artiers supply major organs with oxygenated blood
pulmonary artery
carries deoxygenated blood away from the heart and to the lungs
pulmonary vein
carries oxygenated blood to the heart from lungs
how do arteries thermoregulate the body
when it is hot, they vasodilate and allow heat to realease, when cold they constrict to conserve heat
which are thicker arteries or veins
arteries, more muscle and carry more blood pressure
arterioles
smaller arteries with less blood pressure
capillaries
small vessles that RBCs move through
venules
smaller veins that drain into veins
vein bp
lower than arteries and have thinner walls with less muscle
SA node
pacemaker of the heart that sits above the right artium that send out action potentials for the heart to contract
APs throught the heart
SA node AV node bundle of his purkinjee fibers
flow of blood through heart and pressure
Q = change in pressure/ resistance or RQ = change in pressure
resistance and pressure are proprtional to eachother
resistance in blood vessels can be shown by what equation
pousillies
R = 8Ln / pi *r^4
what is viscocity of blood proporitional to
hemocrit/ amount of RBC
continuity equation for gas exchange
V1a1=v2A2
bournouille eqn applied to blood
continutiry of energy
Pe+ ke= PE + KE
hydrostatic pressure
pushing due to force of water on container
oncotic pressure
pulling from solutes (osmotic)
hemeoglobin
4 subunits of 2 dimers alpha nd 2 beta
the center has a central iron in a polyporphorin ring –> heme group
FE binds to o2
- binding depends on affinity and cooperativity
cooperativity
binding on one subunit promotes binding on another, sigmoidal graph
forms of hemoglobin
T and R
T is low affiinity for o2
R is high affinity for 02
- when o2 binds the heme shifts from T to R
effect of co2 on hemoglobin binding to o2
co2 increases acidity so shifts curve to the right
h+ allosterically regulate hemoglobin and stabilize the T form (lower affinity for o2
bohr effect
23 BPG effect on hemoglobin
rightshift, stabilizes t state and decreases affinity for o2
fetal hemoglobin shift in oxygen binding
Left (increased affinity)
how does an increase in temperature affect the oxygen hemoglobin assoication curve
increased temp decreases affinity and causes a shift to the right
carbonic annhydrase
converts co2 gas to carbonic acid h2co3 –> Hco3- and h+
