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MCAT bio > respiratory and circulatory system > Flashcards

respiratory and circulatory system Flashcards

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1
Q

nares

A

nostrils

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2
Q

epiglottus

A

cartilage tissue that covers larynx during swallowing and covers esophagus during breathing

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3
Q

larynx

A

contains the voice box

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4
Q

trachea

A

continue path of air to the lungs
- epithelia lined with goblet cells (secrete mucus) and cilia

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5
Q

goblet cells

A

secrete mucus

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6
Q

bronchi

A

bilateral and lined with ciliated epithelium
- divide into secondary and terciary bronchioles to the point of alveoli

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7
Q

alveoli

A

small sacs where gas exchange occurs
coated with surfactant (reduce surface tension)

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8
Q

thoracic cavity

A

lungs and heart, protected by ribs

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9
Q

pulmonary pleura

A

serous membrane sorrounding lungs

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10
Q

diaphragm

A

muscle that contracts to breath, and expand lungs
- pressure decreases as lungs expand and air rushes in

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11
Q

negative-pressure respiration

A

diaphragm expands the thoracic cavity, decreased pressure causes a pressure difference between atmosphere and lungs so air rushes into lungs

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12
Q

passive exhalation

A

relaxation of diaphragm

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13
Q

active exhalation

A

use inter-coastal muscles and abdominal muscle to expel air

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14
Q

what kind of blood returns to lungs

A

deoxygenated blood rich in co2

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15
Q

what is oxygen carried by

A

hemoglobin

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16
Q

tidal volume

A

normal volume of air breathed in and out in a normal respiration

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17
Q

expiratory reserve volume

A

additional air that can be expelled from lungs after normal respiration

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18
Q

inspiratory reserve volume

A

additional air that can be inhaled after normal respiration

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19
Q

total lung capacity

A

the most air that can be inhaled in the lungs at one time

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20
Q

residual volume

A

air remaining after breathing out as much as possible

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21
Q

vital capacity

A

difference between TLC and RV

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22
Q

defensins

A

antibiotic proteins of the respiratory system
- inate immune system defense

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23
Q

respiratory system can funciton in thermoregulatio

A

vasoconstriction and vasodilation in nose
panting when hot

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24
Q

co2

A

biproduct/waste of aerobic metabolism and breathing that must be exhaled

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25
Q

bicarbonate buffer system

A

co2 + h20 –> H2CO3 –> H + Hco3-

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26
Q

acidosis

A

when blood drops below 7.35

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27
Q

alkilosis

A

when blood raises above 7.45 pH

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28
Q

how does the body sense blood acidemia

A

chemoreceptors in CNS which cause respiratotion levels to increase to expel acidosis

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29
Q

hypoventilation can cause

A

build up of co2

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30
Q

hyperventilation can cause

A

increase of o2, decrease in co2 and alkalemia

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31
Q

plasma

A

water, nutrients, hormones, waste, salts gas, amino acids

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32
Q

serum

A

plasma with clottng factor removed

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33
Q

what measures is plasma volume tied to

A

blood pressure and hydration

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34
Q

what hormones regulate plasma volume

A

aldosterone and ADH

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35
Q

how does aldosterone affect plasma volume

A

increases the absorption of NA in the Distal convuluted tubule and collecting duct which drives osmosis / water reabsorption
- raises blood volume and blood pressure

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36
Q

how does ADH/vasopressin affect plasma volume

A

acts only on the collecting duct of the nephron to increase water reabsorption

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37
Q

how does ANP affect plasma volume

A

decreases plasma volume by decreasing sodium reabsorption

38
Q

leukocytes

A

white blood cells important for immunity

39
Q

platelets

A

cell fragments that allow for blood to clot

40
Q

thrombin

A

cuts fibrinogen to fibrin

41
Q

erythrocytes

A

no nucleus, no aerobic respiration , no mit –> biconcave shape to travel through capillaries
- contain lots of hemoglobin and transport oxygen through the blood

42
Q

erythropoetin

A

hormone released to produce more RBCs in bone marrow when counts are low

43
Q

where are RBCs degraded

A

spleen

44
Q

hemocrit

A

portion of blood with RBCs

45
Q

what kind of dominance is exhibited in ABO blood system

A

codominance

46
Q

type A

A

presents A antigen
has B antibodies

47
Q

Type B

A

presents B antigen
has A antibodies

48
Q

Type AB

A

has AB antigen
has no antibodies
- universal reciever

49
Q

Type o

A

has no antigen
has AB antibdies
universal donor

50
Q

who can type A receive from

A

A, O

51
Q

who can type AB receive from

A

A, B, o

52
Q

Rh factor

A

single antigen (+) or none (-)

53
Q

AB+

A

universal acceptor

54
Q

o-

A

universal donor
has no antigens that reciever could attack

55
Q

path of deoxygenated blood through the heart

A

SVC–> RA –> RAV (tri) –> RV –> sl valve –> pulmonary artery –> lungs
** in lungs blood becomes oxygenated
enters pulmonary vein –> LA –> bicuspid –> LV –> aortic sl valve –> aorta

56
Q

AV valves

A

seperate atria and ventricles, prevent back flow of blood

57
Q

bicuspid valve

A

left av valve

58
Q

what makes the lub dub sound of the heart

A
  1. AV valves close
  2. SL valves close
59
Q

which are more muscular? atria or ventricles

A

ventricles, because they pump blood away from the heart
left is larger because it pumps to whole body

60
Q

systole

A

contraction of the heart

61
Q

diastole

A

relaxation of the heart

62
Q

normal bp reading

A

120 mmhg/ 80 mmhg

63
Q

types of blood vessels

A

arteries, veins, capillaries

64
Q

arteries

A

move away from the heart

65
Q

vein

A

move toward heart

66
Q

capillaries

A

smallest vessels where gas exchange takes place

67
Q

systemic circulation

A

artiers supply major organs with oxygenated blood

68
Q

pulmonary artery

A

carries deoxygenated blood away from the heart and to the lungs

69
Q

pulmonary vein

A

carries oxygenated blood to the heart from lungs

70
Q

how do arteries thermoregulate the body

A

when it is hot, they vasodilate and allow heat to realease, when cold they constrict to conserve heat

71
Q

which are thicker arteries or veins

A

arteries, more muscle and carry more blood pressure

72
Q

arterioles

A

smaller arteries with less blood pressure

73
Q

capillaries

A

small vessles that RBCs move through

74
Q

venules

A

smaller veins that drain into veins

75
Q

vein bp

A

lower than arteries and have thinner walls with less muscle

76
Q

SA node

A

pacemaker of the heart that sits above the right artium that send out action potentials for the heart to contract

77
Q

APs throught the heart

A

SA node AV node bundle of his purkinjee fibers

78
Q

flow of blood through heart and pressure

A

Q = change in pressure/ resistance or RQ = change in pressure
resistance and pressure are proprtional to eachother

79
Q

resistance in blood vessels can be shown by what equation

A

pousillies
R = 8Ln / pi *r^4

80
Q

what is viscocity of blood proporitional to

A

hemocrit/ amount of RBC

81
Q

continuity equation for gas exchange

A

V1a1=v2A2

82
Q

bournouille eqn applied to blood

A

continutiry of energy
Pe+ ke= PE + KE

83
Q

hydrostatic pressure

A

pushing due to force of water on container

84
Q

oncotic pressure

A

pulling from solutes (osmotic)

85
Q

hemeoglobin

A

4 subunits of 2 dimers alpha nd 2 beta
the center has a central iron in a polyporphorin ring –> heme group
FE binds to o2
- binding depends on affinity and cooperativity

86
Q

cooperativity

A

binding on one subunit promotes binding on another, sigmoidal graph

87
Q

forms of hemoglobin

A

T and R
T is low affiinity for o2
R is high affinity for 02
- when o2 binds the heme shifts from T to R

88
Q

effect of co2 on hemoglobin binding to o2

A

co2 increases acidity so shifts curve to the right
h+ allosterically regulate hemoglobin and stabilize the T form (lower affinity for o2
bohr effect

89
Q

23 BPG effect on hemoglobin

A

rightshift, stabilizes t state and decreases affinity for o2

90
Q

fetal hemoglobin shift in oxygen binding

A

Left (increased affinity)

91
Q

how does an increase in temperature affect the oxygen hemoglobin assoication curve

A

increased temp decreases affinity and causes a shift to the right

92
Q

carbonic annhydrase

A

converts co2 gas to carbonic acid h2co3 –> Hco3- and h+

MCAT bio (12 decks)

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