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MCAT bio > reproduction and development > Flashcards

reproduction and development Flashcards

1
Q

gonads

A

organs where gametes are produced

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2
Q

male gonads

A

testes

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3
Q

female gonads

A

ovaries

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4
Q

function of scrotum

A

contains testes and regulates temperature of testes

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5
Q

testes

A

male gonad where sperm is produced and testosterone is secreted

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6
Q

cremaster muscle

A

pulls testes in when temp is cold

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7
Q

dartos muscle

A

contracts during cold and makes scrotum wrinkly to reduce SA so heat is not lost

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8
Q

is dartos muscle relaxed or contracted in warm weather

A

relaxed

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9
Q

in what cells of the testes does spermatogenesis occur

A

seminiferous tubules

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10
Q

sertoli cells

A

cells of seminiferous tubules that help germ cells develop into spermatozoa

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11
Q

germ cells

A

within seminiferous tubules and develop into spermatozoa

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12
Q

interstitial cells of leydig

A

produce testosterone and androgens in response to lutenzing hormone
- adjacent to seminiferous tubules

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13
Q

epidimis

A

storage center near end of testes for maturing spermatazoa that originated in the seminiferous tubules

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14
Q

when spermatozoa entier the epydimis are they motile or non motile

A

NON-MOTILE
slowly gain motality after 2-3 months
- either ejaculated or broken down/absorbed from epydimis

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15
Q

in the event of ejaculation, sperm will move from the epidimis to what?

A

vas defernes

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16
Q

vas defernes

A

tube that runs between the epidimys and the ejaculatory duct

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17
Q

ejaculatory duct

A

fusion of vas defernes with seminal vesicles

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18
Q

seminal vesicles

A

generate liquid component of semen
- secrete fructose, vitamins, enzumes, other proteins needed for spermatozoa to live

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19
Q

cowper’s glands

A

aka bulbourthral glands
- provide pre-ejaculation lubricant for urethra and neutralize acid

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20
Q

ejaculation path

A

SEVEN UP
seminiferous tubukes
epidimis
vas deferens
ejaculatory ducts
urethra
penis

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21
Q

sperm

A

haploid gamete with flagella (microtubules) that fertalize egg

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22
Q

semen

A

alkaline liquid containing nutrients that carry sperm

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23
Q

azoospermia

A

ejaculated semen that has no sperm in it, male infertility

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24
Q

internal female genetalia

A

ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, cervix, vagina

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25
Q

external female genetalia

A

vulva
labia majora and minora , clit, vaginal opening

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26
Q

ovaries

A

female gonads where oogenesis occurs
contain follicles
also secrete estrogen and progesterone

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27
Q

ovarian follicles

A

each has an oocyte (immature egg cell)

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28
Q

what happens to ovarian follicle during menstral cycle

A

1 ovarian follicle releases a mature ovum into the fallopian tubes during ovulation

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29
Q

fallopian tubes

A

connect the ovaries to the uterus
- smooth muscle layer that carries out peristalsis and many cilia to move the egg from the ovaries to the uterus

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30
Q

uterus

A

where fetus develops during pregnancy

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31
Q

endometrium

A

inner epithelium of uterus

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32
Q

myometrium

A

middle layer of uterus containing smooth muscle

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33
Q

cervix

A

lower portion of uterus that connects to vaginal canal
- sperm must travel through cervix in order for fertilization to occur

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34
Q

spermatogensis

A

occurs in testes
- begins with spermatogonial stem cells and ends with mature spermatozoa

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35
Q

step 1 of spermatogenesis

A

spermatogonial cells either divide into descendent spermatogonial cells or differentiate into spermatogonia

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36
Q

spermatogonia

A

differentiate from spermatogonial cells and divide through mitosis into 2 primary spermatocytes

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37
Q

what sperm cells undergo meiosis

A

primary spermatocytes (2n) –> to become secondary spermatocytes (n)

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38
Q

secondary spermatocytes

A

haploid cells that undergo meiosis 2 to produce spermatids

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39
Q

result of meisosis in spermatogensis

A

4 haploid spermatids from each single primary spermatocyte

40
Q

spermiogenesis

A

spermatids gain
1. formation of acrosomal cap
2. formation of tail
3. loss of excess cytoplasm
- end product: immature spermatozoa that are incapable of independent movement and are transferred to epididymis to undergo maturation

41
Q

what is acrosomal cap

A

mature sperm cells contain this and facilitates the ability of sperm to fertalize egg

42
Q

why must spermatids lose excess cytoplasm?

A

because sperm cells are very compact

43
Q

structure of mature sperm cell

A

head –> contains DNA and sorrounded by acrosomal cap
mid-piece –> abundant mitochondria
tail –> motality

44
Q

when does spermatogenesis occur during male lifetime?

A

during puberty and continues throughout life span

45
Q

what is spermatogenesis highly sensistive to

A

temperature

46
Q

oogenia

A

formed from primordial germ cells via gametogenesis
- ova develop through first 5 months of life
- develop into primary oocytes

47
Q

primary oocytes

A

undergo mieosis 1 and become haploid secondary oocytes (n)

48
Q

primary oocytes are frozen at prophase 1 because

A

it waits until puberty to commit to oogenesis

49
Q

menarche

A

first puberty/ menstral cycle marks the resumption of oogenesis
- ovum is released and completes meiosis 1 , make 1 secondary oocyte and 1 polar body

50
Q

meiosis 1 in oogenesis

A

secondary oocyte (receives majority of cytoplasm) –> undergoes meiosis 2
and polar body produced

51
Q

meiosis 2 in oogenesis

A

secondary oocyte divides but is frozen at prophase 2 until fertalization occurs
- generates mature ovum and another polar body

52
Q

what part of oogenesis occurs before birth

A

the oogonoim produces the primary oocyte (which will eventually under go meiosis 1) and is halted at the stage of the primary occyte until menarche (2n)

53
Q

which part of oogenesis proceeds from puberty to menopause

A

primary oocyte undergoes mieosis to produce secondary oocyte and polar body
secondary oocyte undergoes meiosis 2 to produce polar body and ovum (only if fertalized)

54
Q

fertilization

A

occurs in fallopian tubes
1. sperm cell must encounter secondary oocyte

55
Q

corona radiata

A

layer of follicular cells sorrounding the secondary oocyte that sperm must pass through to fertalize

56
Q

zona pelliculada

A

after passing through corona radiata, the sperm must pass through layer of glycoproteins between corona radiata and secondary oocyte

57
Q

what occurs in the zona peliculada during fertilization

A

one of the glycoproteins binds with the sperm head and triggers the acrosome reaction (which allows the nucleus of the sperm to enter the egg)

58
Q

cortical reaction

A

process during fertilization where the cross-link between the glycoprotein and acrosomal head that prevents fertilization by another sperm cell

59
Q

zygote

A

fertilized ovum merges with haploid sperm cell to produce diploid zygote in the fallopian tube, must travel to uterus for further development
- defined by unicellularity

60
Q

ectopic pregnancy

A

if the zygote does not travel from the fallopian tubes to the utereus , leads to nonviable fetus

61
Q

cleavage

A

zygote undergoes mitotic cell divisions as it travels to uterus

62
Q

embryo

A

multicellular fertilized zygote

63
Q

morulla

A

once zygote has cleaved into a mass of 16 cells by 3-4 days after fertilization, tight ball

64
Q

blastocyte

A

same as blastula
by 4-5 days after fertilization
there becomes a cavity within the morula
IMPLANTS INTO THE ENDOMETRIUM

65
Q

implantation

A

multi-stage process that involves close communication between growing embryo and uterine tissue
- placenta begins to form from trophoblast and chorion and amnion

66
Q

gastrula

A

from blastocyt
1. ectoderm
2. endoderm
3. mesoderm

67
Q

ecotderm

A

skin, central nervous system, lining of mouth, anus, nostrils,

68
Q

neurulation

A

formation of nervous system through ectoderm

69
Q

first step of neurulation

A

formation of the notochord –> induces the formation of neural plate

70
Q

neural tube

A

forms central nervous system

71
Q

neural crest cells

A

peripheral nervous system

72
Q

mesoderm

A

forms musculature, gonads, connective tissue (blood bone cartilage), kidneys, adrenal cortex

73
Q

endoderm

A

interior lining of body, pancreas, liver, lining og GI , urinary bladder, urethra, lungs

74
Q

major process of first trimester

A

organogenesis

75
Q

placenta

A

supplies fetus with nutrients during pregnancy and allows gas exchange between mother and fetys
- secretes HCG

76
Q

fetal hemoglobin

A

higher affinity for oxygen than regular hemoglobin

77
Q

SRY gene

A

determines male sex during fetal development and produce testes

78
Q

wolfian and mullerian duct

A

precursor structures that form into male structures after SRY male differentiation
wolfian– epididymis, vas defernes,
mullerian - lost

79
Q

parturition

A

childbirth

80
Q

which hormone induces labor contractions

A

oxytocin (positive feedback loop)

81
Q

LH in males

A

causes production of testosterone in interstitial cells of leydig

82
Q

LH in females

A

causes ovaries to produce estrogen

83
Q

FSH in females

A

maturation of ovarian follicule

84
Q

FSH in men

A

spermatogenesis in seminiferous tubules

85
Q

ovarian cycle

A

follicular phase then ovulation then luteal pjase
1 ovum is released every cycle

86
Q

follicular phase

A

follicle matures and releases the egg during ovulation

87
Q

luteal phase

A

refers to what happens after the egg is released , follicle is tranformed into corpus luteum

88
Q

corpus luteum

A

secretes progesterone and helps maintain uterine lining , decays at end of the cycle

89
Q

menstration

A

right before follicular phase when passed uterine lining is shed

90
Q

proliferative phase

A

uterine endometrium is built up

91
Q

what hormone dominates at begining of follicular stage

A

FSH
estrogen gradually increases

92
Q

lh surge

A

induces ovulation and formation of corpus luteum

93
Q

luteal phase

A

increased progesterone

94
Q

no impantation

A

negative feedback of progesterone on LH and corpus luteum disintegrates , progesterone not being produced

95
Q

how is corpus luteum maintained during implantation

A

embryo secretes HCG to keep sustained progesterone levels

96
Q

what hormones can placenta secrete

A

estrogen and progesterone (by 2nd tri) so no longer need hcg from embryo

MCAT bio (12 decks)

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