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MCAT bio > digestive and excretory systems > Flashcards

digestive and excretory systems Flashcards

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1
Q

digestion

A

break down of food into smaller organic molecules for absorption

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2
Q

absorption

A

how nutrients really enter the body

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3
Q

bolus

A

broken down food with saliva

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4
Q

salivary amylase

A

begin breaking up sugars

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5
Q

esophagus

A

takes food from mouth to stomach where it enters a spincter

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6
Q

GERD

A

issue with the gastroesophageal sphincter where acid moves back up

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7
Q

pepsin

A

stomach protease
cleaved form of pepsinogen
- cleaves proteins at aromatic residue

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8
Q

parietal cells

A

cells of stomach that secrete stomach acid (acidic)

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9
Q

chief cells

A

secrete zymogen of pepsin known as pepsinogen, so no self destruction in stomach occurs

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10
Q

Foveolar cells

A

secrete bicarbonate to protect stoamch from acidiity

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11
Q

intrinsic factor

A

secreted by stomach to help absorb vitamin b12

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12
Q

pyloric sphincter

A

connects stomach and small intestine

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13
Q

portions of small intestine

A

dueodenum, jejunum, ileum

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14
Q

chyme after stomach

A

highly acidic and must be neutralized by small intestine

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15
Q

what structures contain brush border enzymes

A

microvilli in small intestine

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16
Q

types of brush border enzymes

A

disaccharidases, peptidases

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17
Q

pancreas

A

secretes digestive fluiid with enzymes for breakdown

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18
Q

liver

A

secretes bile , which breaks down all major macromolecules

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19
Q

bile

A

emulsify fats and help convert them into micelles
- produced in liver

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20
Q

gallbladder

A

where bile is stored and released from

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21
Q

how is the duedoenum alkaline when the stomach is acidic

A

pancreatic juices are alkaline, duedenum secretes bicarbonate , bile is alkaline

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22
Q

villi

A

fingerlike projections of small intestine that extend into lumen of the intestine and increase surface area
- lined with enterocytes

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23
Q

enterocytes

A

cells of intestinal lining with microvilli (increase surface area for cell funciton)

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24
Q

large intestine

A

ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid coloon, rectum

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25
Q

cecum

A

part of small intestine that is attached to ileus of small intestine

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26
Q

appendix

A

attached to cecum
- vestigal organ

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27
Q

function of the large intestine

A

absorbs water from food undergoing digestion
- contains microbiota

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28
Q

microbiota

A

symbiotic bacteria living in the large colon that produce vitamin K and B7

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29
Q

does chemical digestion occur in the large intenstine

A

no

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30
Q

peristalsis

A

wave like contraction of smooth muscle that pushes bolus down the digestive tract
- involuntary

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31
Q

sphincters

A

canals in various parts of digestive tract

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32
Q

hunger hormones

A

grhelin and leptin

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33
Q

grehlin

A

grr makes you hungry
- secreted from stomach when it is empty
- increase appetitie

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34
Q

leptin

A

hormone secreted when food is in stomach and we are satiated
- secreted by adipocytes

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35
Q

G cells

A

cells of stomach that secrete gastrin

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36
Q

gastrin

A

promotes digestion by stimulating parietal cells to release HCL

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37
Q

parietal cells

A

cells of stomach that secrete gastric acid (w HCl)

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38
Q

secretin

A

s cells of small intestine
- triggers secretion of pancreatic bicarbonate to neutralize acidic chyme for optimal function in digestion of SI

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39
Q

CKK

A

secreted by cells of small intestine , stimulate secretion of pancreatic juices and digestive enzymes, release of bile

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40
Q

what does ckk inhibit

A

inhibits appetite

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41
Q

somatostatin

A

slows digestion down
- inhibits release of digestive enzymes
- gastin, ckk
- inhibits growth hormone release

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42
Q

treatment for gigantisism

A

somatostatin because it inhibits GH

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43
Q

enteric nervous system

A

nervous system connected to digestion

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44
Q

sns effect on digestion

A

inhibits digestion

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45
Q

function of villi

A

dramatically increase surface area for abosrption

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46
Q

function of microvilli

A

similar to villi projections but from inidividual cells located on villi to increase SA

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47
Q

what must happen to carbohydrates in order to be absorbed

A

broken down into monosaccharides

48
Q

how is glucose transferred into the cell

A

secondary transort coupled with in take of NA

49
Q

how are lipids aborbed via microvilli

A

formed into micelles and inidivudal lipids break off for absorption
- diffuse through membrane

50
Q

chylomocrons

A

TAGs, proteins, vitamins are packaged and released into lymphatic system

51
Q

hepatic portal vein

A

runs from small intestine to liver and the heptaic portal system

52
Q

hepatic portal system

A

system of veins that transports blood from the digestive tract to the liver

53
Q

important metabolic tasks of the liver

A
  1. detoxification
  2. metabolizing medications and drugs
  3. store excess carbs as glycogen and excess fat as TAG
  4. mobilize lipids via lipoproteins and glycogenolysis
54
Q

where are chylomircons and other lipids returned for degredation

A

liver

55
Q

digestive path for proteins

A

broken down by pepsin , then peptidases in SI ,

56
Q

pepsidases in SI

A

trypsin and aminopeptidase

57
Q

where does typsin cleave proteins

A

carboxyl end of lysine or argenine

58
Q

where does aminopeptidase cleave

A

at amine end of any protein

59
Q

carbohydrate digestive path

A

broken down by salivary amylase in mouth, then sent to stomach , pancreatic amylase, dissachraridases in SI

60
Q

disaccharidases of Small intestine

A

sucrase, maltase, lactase

61
Q

lipid digestion path

A

first broken down by lingual lipase , majoirty broken down by pancreatic lipase , bile packages free FA into micelles for chylomicrons and released into lacteals

62
Q

vitamins

A

non-macronutrient compounds necessary for funcitoning
- not synthesized naturally

63
Q

lipid soluble vitamins

A

A, D, E, K
- accumulate in adipose tissue

64
Q

water soluble vitamins

A

B and C
- circulate blood and easily excreted

65
Q

vitamin A

A

retinol
function - vision

66
Q

vitamin D

A

help absorb calcium and phosphate in gut

67
Q

vitmain E function

A

antioxidant

68
Q

vitamin k function

A

coagulation

69
Q

vitamin c

A

absorbic acid
function: required for collagen synthesis and antioxidant

70
Q

vitamin b1 function

A

thiamine
cofactor for PDC complex

71
Q

vitamin b2

A

riboflavin
precursor for FAD

72
Q

vitamin B3

A

niacin
precursor for NAD and NADP

73
Q

vitamin b5

A

required for syntehsis of coA

74
Q

vitamin b6

A

coenzyme in metabolism

75
Q

vitamin b7

A

biotin
cofactor for carboxylases

76
Q

vitamin B9

A

folic acid
- neuro development and healthy pregnancy

77
Q

vitamin b12

A

coenzyme for dna synthesis

78
Q

scurvy

A

vitmain C synthesis
- improper formation of collagen

79
Q

rhodopsin

A

protein formed from binding of vitamin A and opsin in the rods of the retina for low light vision

80
Q

retinol

A

form of vitamin A we absorb in the small intestine
- unstable so it is converted into a retiol ester for long term storage

81
Q

vitamin D

A

multiple forms and acts as a hormone to act oh phopshphate and calcium levels
- converted into calcitrol

82
Q

calcitrol

A

increases calcium levels , acts on intestine to absorb more calcium

83
Q

microbiota produce what vitamin

A

K

84
Q

excretory function of the kidneys

A

formation of urine
divided into renal cortex and renal medulla

85
Q

nephrons

A

structural unit of the kidneys that produce urine
- renal corpuscle and renal tubule

86
Q

renal corpuscle

A

carries out initial filtration
- in adrenal cortex

87
Q

renal tubule

A

projects down into the medulla
- urine drains into the collecting duct

88
Q

urinary bladder

A

muscular and flexible

89
Q

urinary sphincter

A

controls release of urine from the urethra
- divided into internal and external

90
Q

external urinary sphincter

A

skeletal muscle, voluntary control

91
Q

internal urinary sphincter

A

smooth muscle, involuntary control

92
Q

structures of the renal corpuscle

A

glomerulus and bowmans capsule

93
Q

function of glomerulus

A

filters blood

94
Q

function of bowmans capsule

A

also filters blood

95
Q

main parts of renal tubule

A

proximal convoluted tubule
loop of henle
disal convoluted tubule

96
Q

function of renal tubule

A

absorb water, salt, glucose back into blood

97
Q

PCT

A

two way exchange
- absorbtion dominates
- na absorption
- excretion of waste inito urine also happens here

98
Q

loop of henle

A

ushaped
goal: reduce volume of water
- deeper into medulla = more concentrated with solute

99
Q

descending loop of henle

A

permiable to water, NOT ions

100
Q

ascending loop of henle

A

impermiable to water, allows ions to leave

101
Q

end product of loop of henle filtration

A

less blood volume, more concetrated

102
Q

DCT

A

can increase calcium absorption in response to PTH

103
Q

what structures does aldosterone act on to increase sodium absorption

A

DCT and collecting duct
- promotes na reabosrption and water reabosrption to increase blood volume and pressure

104
Q

what hormone targets the collecting duct directly

A

ADH/ vasopressin
- increases water absorption directly

105
Q

ANP effect

A

opposite of aldosterone, prevents sodium reabsorption
- decreases water absorbed
-lowers bp and bv

106
Q

major parameters that effect bp

A

bp, osmoregulation, acid bace balencning, size of vessel, flow of blood

107
Q

main hormones that effect fluid balence

A

aldosterone, anp, adh

108
Q

how does aldosterone affect fluid retnetion

A
  • acts on DCT and CD to increase sodium absorption which causes water retention
  • increase in BV and BP
109
Q

how does ADH/vasopressin affect fluid retention

A

acts on the CD to increase water retention directly
- increase in BP

110
Q

how does ANP affect fluid retention

A

acts against aldosterone and prevents na absorption in DCT

111
Q

what organ and release system regulates aldosterone

A

kidneys via the renin-angiotensin release system

112
Q

what kind of receptors release renin from the kidneys when BP is low

A

baroreceptors

113
Q

renin function

A

cleaves angiotensinogen into angiotensin 1

114
Q

ACE function

A

cleaves angiotensin 1 into angiotensin 2

115
Q

function of angiotensin 2

A

increases bp via vasoconstriction and triggers release of aldosterone

116
Q

how does the excretory system regulate blood pH

A

can increase blood pH by excreting h+ ions

117
Q

urea

A

nitrogen waste excreted via excretory system
- carbonyl )c=0) with 2 amine groups on both side
- excrete unnecessary nitrogen

MCAT bio (12 decks)

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