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cell biology Flashcards

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MCAT flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

major tenants of cell theory

A
  1. all living things are composed of one or more cells
  2. all cells arise from preexsisting cells
  3. the cell is the most basic unit of life
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2
Q

robert hooke contribution to bio

A

first compound microscope and examined first cells

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3
Q

eukaryotic cells

A

have nucleus and membrane bound organelles

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4
Q

what eukaryotic cells do not have nuclei?

A

RBCs

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5
Q

function of nucleus

A

to store genetic information as chromosomes

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6
Q

chromosomes

A

linear forms of DNA

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7
Q

nuclear envelope

A

double memrbane sorrounding the nucleus with nuclear pores that allow rna and proteins into and out of the nucleus

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8
Q

nucleolous

A

within the nucleus, synthesizes ribosomes

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9
Q

glycolysis end products

A

2 net atp, 2 nadh , 2 pyruvate

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10
Q

where does glycolysis occur

A

cytoplasm of prokaryotes and eukaryotes

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11
Q

where does TCA cycle occur

A

mitochondrial matrix

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12
Q

how is energy obtained by fats?

A

beta oxidation of fatty acids

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13
Q

where does beta oxidation occur

A

mitochondrial matrix

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14
Q

mitochondria

A

double memrbane organelle where majority of metabolism takes place. matrix is site of TCA cyckle and oxidative phosphorylation occurs in matrix and inner membrane
- self replicating organelle and has its own dna miDNA

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15
Q

how is miDNA inherited?

A

maternally

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16
Q

endosymbiotic theory

A

mitochondria derive from a primative cell capable of aerobic respiration

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17
Q

lysosomes

A

garbage disposal of cell
waste enters via endocytosis and enzymes degrade waste
- thrive in acidic conditions

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18
Q

endoplasmic reticulum

A

net like organelle connected to the nucleus. cisternae (flat structures)
rough ER
Smooth ER

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19
Q

rough ER

A

covered in ribosomes
site of protein synthesis

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20
Q

smooth ER

A

lipid metabolism (synthesis and breakdown) , break down of steriods, and detoxification

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21
Q

golgi apparatus

A

modifies and packages proteins from the rough ER and targets them for their destination (largely for secretion)

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22
Q

peroxisomes

A

peroxides accumulate here. major role in very long chain lipid break down and detoxification of ethanol/ alcohol

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23
Q

cytoskeleton

A

composed of microtubules microfilaments and intermediate filaments

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24
Q

cytoskeleton

A

composed of microtubules microfilaments and intermediate filamentsm

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25
Q

microfilaments

A

composed of two strands of actin and important to cell motality (movement) and exo/endocytosis
- also involved in muscle contraction

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26
Q

microtubules

A

slightly larger than microfilaments. and composed of dimers of proteins known as alpha and beta tubulinn
- maintain STRUCTURE of the cell
-CILLIA AND FLAGELLA
- make up mitotic spindles

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27
Q

what makes up the structure of cillia and flagella

A

microtubules

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28
Q

intermediate filaments

A

provide structural support and involved in CELL ADHESION
example: keratin

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29
Q

centrioles

A

cylindrical structures made of tubulin
- organizes mitotic spindle and important part of centromere

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30
Q

centromere

A

major microtubule organizing center of cell
- contains centrioles

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31
Q

flagella

A

made of microtubules
- tail like appendages that allow cells to move
- prokaryotes and eukaryotes
-powered by atp (in euk)
- powered by rotary motion in prok

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32
Q

cilia

A

made of microtubules
- small projections that help move substances along the surface (respiratory tract)
- euk and prok

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33
Q

9+2 structure

A

outer 9 rings of microtubules sorround inner ring of 2 microtubules
- structure of flagella and cilia

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34
Q

plasma membrane

A

seperates the cell from extracellular envirnment
- consists of lipids and proteins
- lipid bilayer membrane

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35
Q

what kind of lipids make up the plasma membrane?

A

phospholipids
- some sphingolipids
- waxes

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36
Q

major compoments of plasma membrane

A

lipids (phospholipids / sphingolipids)
cholesterol
proteins
carbohydrates

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37
Q

cholesterol plasma membrane function

A

promotes fluidity of membrane at low temperatures by preventing crystal structure formation and stability at high temperatures by preventing phospholipid movement

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38
Q

fluid mosaic model

A

liquid and protein components of the plasma membrane can move freely , phospholipids can shift sides (although energetically costly)
- small non polar diffusion
- larger molecules use transporters

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39
Q

lipid rafts

A

structures in the lipid membrane that contain high amounts of choelsterol and sphingomyleins
- contribute to fluidity and assist in signalling

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40
Q

embedded proteins

A

rooted in the interior of the membrane but do not span it

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41
Q

membrane associated proteins

A

have non-covalent interactions with structures on the membrane surface

42
Q

transmembrane proteins

A

proteins that span the membrane including receptors and transport proteins

43
Q

mitosis

A

asexual cellular replication

44
Q

resting phase of cell cycle (G0)

A

no growth is occuring and no division , most fully differentiated cells are in g0 phase

45
Q

interphase

A

cell prepares for division and takes up 90% of the cycle : major occurences are GROWTH and DNA REPLICATION
g1, s, g2

46
Q

s phase

A

2nd stage on interphase were dna replication occurs

47
Q

g1 check point

A

restriction point
- WHERE CELL COMMITS TO DIVISION

48
Q

g2 checkpoint

A

checks for dna replication errors before division

49
Q

cell division phases

A

prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase

50
Q

prophase

A

point of mitosis where the cell prepares to divide
- condense DNA into distinct chromosomes
(sister chromatids bound at a core centromere)
- nuclear envelope dissolves and the mitotic spindle forms

51
Q

kinetochore

A

assembles on centromere of chromosome and is where microtubule fibers bind for seperating sister chromatids

52
Q

asters

A

microtubules that extends from centrosome to anchor it to the cell membrane

53
Q

metaphase

A

chromosomes line up at the metaphase plate due to microtubules
- final checkpoint before division
- m checkpoint makes sure chromosomes are lined up correctly

54
Q

anaphase

A

sister chromatids are pulled apart and pulled to opposite sides of the cell by shortening the microtubules

55
Q

telophase

A

new nuclear envelope forms, nucleolous reappears and finally cytokinesis`

56
Q

meiosis

A

sexual replication of cells

57
Q

germ cells

A

sex cells

58
Q

spermatogenesis

A

formation of male germ cells

59
Q

oogenesis

A

formation of female germ cells

60
Q

end product of meiosis

A

4 haploid daughter cells –> gametes

61
Q

end product of mitosis

A

2 diploid daughter cells (identical)

62
Q

zygote

A

2 gametes fuse together to make a diploid cell

63
Q

Meiosis 1

A

prophase 1 –> homologous chromosomes pair up and synapse to form tetrads (crossing over)
metaphase 1: homologous pairs line up at m plate
anaphase 1: homologous pairs are seperated (where cells become haploid )
telophase 1: 2 daughter cells with a chromosome in each

64
Q

crossing over

A

when homologous pairs exchange genetic information to increase variance in prophase 1 of meiosis at the chiasmata
- produces recombinant dna

65
Q

indepedent assortment

A

because the homolgous pairs are lined up randomly in metaphase1, there is random assortment of alleles
- will have one many combinations

66
Q

what kind of cells undergo mitosis

A

somatic

67
Q

commensalism

A

one organism benefits while the other recieves no benefit or harm

68
Q

mutualism

A

both organisms benefit

69
Q

parastitism

A

one organism benefits and one is harmed

70
Q

anaerobes

A

bacteria that can not use oxygen (no aerobic respiration)
and oxygen is very toxic to them

71
Q

aerotolerant anerobes

A

oxygen is nontoxic but they do not use oxygen

72
Q

facultative anerobes

A

can use aerobic or nonaerobic respiration

73
Q

where would anerobes be found in a test tube? aerobes>

A

aerobes: top
anaerobes: bottom

74
Q

bacteria structure

A

prokaryotes
all have cell walls and membranes
no membrane bound organelles

75
Q

what is the bacterial cell wall made of

A

peptidoglycan

76
Q

gram staining

A

tests for thickness of bacterial cell wall
g + –> blue and thick cell wall of peptidoglycan
g - –> thin cell wall and has lpl , stains pink

77
Q

gram stain process

A

primary stain (CV)
mordant (iodine)
alc wash
counterstain (safranin)

78
Q

what makes gram negative bacteria toxic

A

lipopolysaccharide in membrane induces inflammatory response and innate immune system

79
Q

where does aerobic respiration occur in aerobic bacteria

A

cell membrane

80
Q

prokaryotic ribosome

A

30s and 50s
70s total
- often target of antibiotics

81
Q

eukaryotic ribosome

A

40s and 60s
80s total

82
Q

how do bacterial flagella work

A

they use a rotary motion powered by a proton graident
- flagella made of flagellin

83
Q

chemotaxis

A

movement in response to a chemical signal

84
Q

where does bacteria store dna

A

in the nucleoid region as a singular circuilar chromosome

85
Q

T/F eukaryotes and prokaryotes can carry out transcription and translation at the same time

A

false. only bacteria can

86
Q

plasmid

A

small circular pieces of DNA not part of essential dna
- contains advantages and important in antibiotic resistnace
- code for virulence factors

87
Q

binary fission

A

cell division process for bacteria
1. replication
2. segregation and growth of new cell
3. seperation into identical daughter cells

88
Q

bacterial growth curve

A

lag (infection. no growth)
log (exponential growth)
stationary (growth = death)
death (growth < death)

89
Q

horizontal gene transfer

A

ways that bacteria increases genetic variation and mutations/ resistance
1. transformation
2. transduction
3. conjugation

90
Q

horizontal gene transfer

A

ways that bacteria increases genetic variation and mutations/ resistance
1. transformation
2. transduction
3. conjugationt

91
Q

bacterial transformation

A

horizontal gene tranfer that involves abosrbing sorrounding genetic information

92
Q

bacterial transduction

A

virus mediated gene transfer where a bacteriophage infects bacteria and incorporates new dna into genome

93
Q

bacterial conjugation

A

transfer of a plasmid from a bridge (sex) between cells using a pilus

94
Q

viruses

A

obligate intracellular pathogens that require host to replicate
have genetic material and a protein covering known as capsid
- can be dna or rna. never both

95
Q

viron

A

fully assembled infectious virus

96
Q

negative sense virus

A

virus with rna that contains complimentary rna to mrna , rna must be synthesized by rna replicase`

97
Q

positive sense virus

A

rna virus that contains viral mrna that is integrated

98
Q

retrovirus

A

single strand rna virus that has enzyme reverse transcriptase to synthesize dna from their rna and incorporate its dna into host genome

99
Q

lysogenic cycle

A

viral life cycle where viral genetic info is integrated into the host (prophage) and waits for ideal conditions before lysing and spreading genetic info to neighboring cells

100
Q

lytic cycle

A

viral life cycle where virus infects host with viral dna and the cell lyses and spreads

101
Q

prions

A

infectious misformed proteins

102
Q

viroids

A

small infectious plant particles that can silence gene expression

MCAT bio (12 decks)

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