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MCAT bio > biomolecules > Flashcards

biomolecules Flashcards

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MCAT flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

polarity

A

distribution of charge within a molecule due to differences in electronegativity between atoms

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2
Q

functional groups

A

specific group of atoms that contribute to a predictable behavior of the molecule

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3
Q

most polar type of molecules

A

ones with charges like carbonic acid and NH3+

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4
Q

steroids

A

cholesterol derived non-polar hormones. consist of 4 hydrocarbon rings

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5
Q

amphipathic molecules

A

molecule with significant polar and nonpolar regions
ex: fatty acids

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6
Q

what kinds of solvents are physiologically toxic?

A

nonpolar solvents like hexane

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7
Q

what kind of compounds are lipophilic?

A

hydrocarbons (alkanes,alkenes, alkynes)

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8
Q

structure of an amino acid

A

an amino group, hydrogen, R group, and cooh group bound to a central carbon

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9
Q

what part of the amino acid determines its properties?

A

r group

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10
Q

r group classifications

A

positively charged, negatively charged, polar, nonpolar

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11
Q

which amino acid is achiral

A

glycine

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12
Q

which amino acids are aromatic

A

tyrosine, tryptophan, phenylalenine

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13
Q

which amino acids contain sulfur?

A

met and cyst

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14
Q

which amino acid breaks up secondary structure

A

proline (formation of proline kinks)

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15
Q

nonpolar amino acids

A

G, A,V, I, L, M, P, F, Y, W

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16
Q

polar amino acids

A

S, T, N, Q, C

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17
Q

positively charged amino acids?

A

R, K, H

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18
Q

negatively charged amino acids?

A

D, E

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19
Q

which amino acid is responsible for the formation of disulfide bridges in terciary protein structure?

A

cysteine- cystine

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20
Q

what bond joins amino acids to make proteins?

A

peptide bonds (dehydration)
- between cooh of previous amino acid and NH3 of next amino acid

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21
Q

direction of proteins

A

N terminus to C terminus

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22
Q

primary protein structure

A

sequence of amino acids, unchanged following denaturation

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23
Q

secondary protein structure

A

hydrogen bonding between the amine and cooh groups in the amino acid backbone that create alpha helicies and beta sheets

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24
Q

terciary structure

A

interactions between side chains, all proteins have this structure

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25
Q

quartenary protein structure

A

not all proteins possess this structure, interactions between multiple peptide subunits

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26
Q

lipids functions

A

storage, energy, structure, signalling

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27
Q

types of lipids

A
  1. fatty acids + derivatives
  2. cholesterol + derivatives
  3. eocosinoids (prostaglandins)
  4. terpenes and terpenoids
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28
Q

fatty acids

A

long chain carboxylic acids, can be branched or unbranched

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29
Q

TAGs

A

3 fatty acids bonded to a glycerol backbone. important for fat storage. bond can be broken via saponification

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30
Q

phospholipids

A

derivative of TAGS
2 fatty acids and a p group bound to glycerol. most common lipid in membrane

31
Q

spingolipid

A

sphingosine bound to a fatty acid

32
Q

waxes

A

naturally occuring mixtures of lipids that include fatty acids, long-chain fatty alcohols, aromatic compounds. secreted by plants

33
Q

cholesterol

A

precursor for vitamin d and steroids, 4 hydrocarbon rings. nonpolar and important in signalling

34
Q

eocosinoids (prostaglandins)

A

derived from arachodonic acid, important in signalling and controlling inflammation

35
Q

terpens/ terpenoids

A

hydrocarbons composed of repeating isoprene (C5H8) units
- ex: squalene
- precursor for vitamin A

36
Q

squalene

A

terpene precursor of cholesterol

37
Q

fat soluble vitamins

A

A, D, E, K

38
Q

carbohydrates

A

major source of energy, composed of C(h2O) units with at least one carbonyl and one hydroxyl group

39
Q

aldose sugar

A

sugar where the carbonyl is terminal
ex- glucose

40
Q

ketose sugar

A

sugar where the carbonyl is inside the chain (not terminal )
ex- fructose

41
Q

what isomer do carbs exsist in?

A

D

42
Q

which configuration do amino acids exsist in ?

A

L

43
Q

fructose

A

ketohexose that is made by plants and found in fruits

44
Q

galactose

A

aldohexose epimer of glucose

45
Q

sucrose

A

glucose and fructose (alpha 1-4)

46
Q

maltose

A

glucose + glucose

47
Q

lactose

A

glucose + galactose

48
Q

amylose

A

linear polysaccharide linked by a(1-4) bonds
- major component of starch

49
Q

amylopectin

A

branched polysaccharide linked by a 1-4 and branches a 1-6 bonds
- makes up majority of starch and is easily broken down

50
Q

starch

A

major storage polysaccharide in plants. composed of amylose and amylopectin
- most common carbohydrate in diet q

51
Q

glycogen

A

animal carbohydrate storage with a1-4 and branched 1-6
synthesized in liver and stored in liver and muscle

52
Q

cellulose

A

structural polysaccharide made by plants b1-4 bonds that cannot be digested by humans
- makes up dietary fiber

53
Q

nucleic acid functions

A

store and transmit genetic information

54
Q

nucleotide

A

made of nitrogenous base, phosphate group, and 5 carbon sugar (pentose)

55
Q

nucleoside

A

nitrogenous base and pentose

56
Q

nitrogenous bases

A

A, T, G, C, U

57
Q

purines

A

2 ring structure
A and G

58
Q

pyrimidines

A

1 ring structure
T, C, U

59
Q

structural significance of uracil

A

demethylated version of thymine

60
Q

difference between RNA and DNA pentose?

A

ribose has a 2’ OH group while DNA pentose is missing 2’ OH

61
Q

bond that connects phosphate group and pentose sugar in nucleic acids
?

A

phosphodiester bond between phosphate of previous group and pentose of next group
adds a p group to the 3’ end

62
Q

which direction are phosphodeister bonds made

A

5’ to 3’

63
Q

how many hydrogen bonds are formed between A and T

A

2

64
Q

how many hydrogen bonds are formed between g and C

A

3

65
Q

what keeps the two strands of DNA together in a double helix

A

hydrogen bonding between nitrogenous bases

66
Q

DNA double strands are..

A

antiparallel
one is 5’-3’ other is 3’-5’

67
Q

b DNA

A

most common type
10 bases per turn

68
Q

A- DNA

A

tighter than regular dna with 11 bases per turn

69
Q

z DNA

A

loser with 12 bases per turn

70
Q

subtypes of DNA

A

mitochondrial DNA

71
Q

subtypes of RNA

A

mRNA, tRNA, r RNA, miRNA, siRNA, hnRNA

72
Q

18 of the 19 amino acids that are chiral are S orientation.. which amino acid is the exception?

A

L-cystine is R oriented

73
Q

how do double bonds effect the boiling point of fatty acids

A

unsaturation will lower boiling point

74
Q

which type of character increases boiling point of fatty acids? trans or cis

A

trans

MCAT bio (12 decks)

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