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nervous system Flashcards

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MCAT flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

central nervous system

A

brain and spinal cord

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2
Q

peripheral nervous system

A

all nerves and nervous tissue outside the cns

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3
Q

where is CSF

A

around brain and spinal cord in CNS

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4
Q

afferent nerves

A

nerves of pns that bring info to the CNS from periphery

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5
Q

efferent nerves

A

nerves of pns that take info from the cns to periphery

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6
Q

ganglia

A

cells with clusters of cell bodies in the PNS

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7
Q

major divisions of the pns

A

somatic and autonomic

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8
Q

proencephalon

A

forebrain

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9
Q

mesencephalon

A

midbrain

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10
Q

rhombencephalon

A

hindbrain

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11
Q

forebrain function

A

behavior and personality

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12
Q

what does the forebrain divide into

A

the diencephalon and telencephalon

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13
Q

diencephalon contains

A

contains the thalamus, hypothalamus, pineal gland and posterior pituitary

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14
Q

thalamus

A

relay sensory and motor signal and regulates sleep

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15
Q

hypothalamus

A

mediates homeostasis and communicates between nervous and endocrine systems

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16
Q

what does the telencephalon contain

A

cerebrum (largest and most important brain structure)

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17
Q

cerebral cortex

A

thin outer lauer

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18
Q

limbic system contains

A

hippocampus, basal ganglia, amygdala, olfactory bulb

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19
Q

function of limbic system

A

structures involved in emotion, motivation, and memory

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20
Q

cortex lobes

A

parietal, occipital, frontal, temporal

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21
Q

frontal lobe function

A

higher level cognition and executive function

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22
Q

parietal lobe

A

sensory processing

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23
Q

temporal lobe

A

sound and language processing

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24
Q

occipital lobe

A

primary visual cortex

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25
Q

hindbrain

A

basic functions that are conserved through evolution

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26
Q

cerebellum

A

fine motor skills and balence

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27
Q

medulla oblongata

A

autonomic function control like breathing and heart rate

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28
Q

pons

A

relay station for signals to pass between medulla, cerebellum and rest of brain
- also deals with sleep, respiration, swallowing, bladder control

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29
Q

midbrain

A

central region of brain that is important for motor control, sleep, and homeostatic regulation

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30
Q

structures of midbrain

A

superior and inferior colliculi, substantia nigra

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31
Q

substantia nigra

A

control coordination of voluntary movement and domaine production (AD) `

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32
Q

brain stem

A

midbrain + hindbrain
- midbrain, medulla, pons

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33
Q

inferior colliculi

A

structure of midbrain that processes auditory signals and sends them to the thalamus

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34
Q

superior colliculi

A

structure of midbrain that processes visual signals

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35
Q

basal ganglia

A

structure of forebrain that particpates in motivation, eye movement, and decision making

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36
Q

pineal gland

A

forbrain structure that controls sleep and makes melatonin

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37
Q

posterior pituitary

A

projection through which hypothalamus secretes oxytocin and vasopressin

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38
Q

septal nuclei

A

reward pathway

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39
Q

cervical spine

A

top of the spine
7 vertebrae
c1-c7

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40
Q

thoracic spine

A

12 vertebrae
t1-t12

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41
Q

lumbar spine

A

5 vertebrae
L1-L5

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42
Q

sacral spine

A

5 vertebraw
s1-s5

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43
Q

somatic nervous system

A

controls voluntary muscle movement

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44
Q

autonomic nervous system

A

controls involuntary movement
- sympathetic and nonsympathetic nervous systems

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45
Q

sympathetic nervous system

A

fight or flight

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46
Q

parasympathetic nervous system

A

rest and digest

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47
Q

functions of sympathetic nervous syste

A

mobilizes body systems to respond to acute stressors. increases heart rate, dialates pupils

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48
Q

function of pns

A

deescalates body

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49
Q

preganglionic neurob

A

synapses on post ganglionic neuron near the target organ

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50
Q

length of preganglionic neurons in pns

A

long and synapse on ganglia near or on the target organ

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51
Q

length of preganglionic neurons in sympathetic nervous system

A

shorter and synapse on sympathetic trunk

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52
Q

what is the primary neurotransmitter of the autonomic nervous system for preganglionic neurons

A

AcH

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53
Q

primary neurotransmitter of the ans for postganglionic neurons

A

norepinephrine

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54
Q

enteric nervous system

A

complex autonomic nervous system that regulates digestive activity

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55
Q

where are afferent nerves located

A

pns and send info to the cns to be processed

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56
Q

somatosensation

A

touch

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57
Q

where does the planning of motor control being

A

premotor cortex

58
Q

where in the brain is motor control executed

A

primary motor cortex

59
Q

neurotransmitter involved in coordination

A

dopamine

60
Q

efferent fibers

A

transverse spinal cord before exiting the vertebral column at the level of muscles

61
Q

glutamate

A

excitatory neurotransmitter
- responsible for neuron depolarization

62
Q

GABA

A

inhibitory neuron
- repolarization

63
Q

where do efferent neurons binds to effector organs

A

neuromuscular junction

64
Q

neuron

A

non-dividing highly specialized cell

65
Q

glial cells

A

provide nutients structure insulation and defense from pathogens
regulate growth and pruning of neurons
- many subtypes

66
Q

Blood Brain Barrier

A

epithelial barrier

67
Q

oligodendrocytes

A

myelin of central nervous system

68
Q

schwann cells

A

myelin of PNS
can regenerate

69
Q

nodes of ranvier

A

saltatory conduction, between mylein to speed up conduction

70
Q

microglia

A

first line of defense against invaders of cns
- similar to macrophages

71
Q

oligodendrocytes

A

provide mylination of CNS

72
Q

schwann cells

A

provide mylination of PNS

73
Q

astrocytes

A

provide various support functions to neurons in the CNS

74
Q

ependymal cells

A

produce and circulates CSF in the CNS

75
Q

satellite cells

A

control the microenvironment around cell bodies in ganglia in the PNS

76
Q

microglia

A

macrophages that clean out microbes and debris in the CNS

77
Q

dendrites

A

recieve input

78
Q

soma

A

cell body of a neuron

79
Q

axon

A

long structure that carriers the action potential

80
Q

synaptic cleft

A

small gap between 2 neurons

81
Q

graded potential

A

variable strength signals that are conveyed a small distance, determine wheather or not an action potential is generated

82
Q

action potential

A

constant strength signal conveyed over a long distance

83
Q

Na+/K+

A

transmembrane protein can regyulate the entry and exit of specific ions in the presense of a membrane potential

84
Q

negative membrane potential

A

more positive charges on the outside of the cell than inside

85
Q
A
86
Q

is the cl- concentration higher on the inside of a cell or outside

A

outside

87
Q

is extracellular or intracellular calcium more highly concentrated

A

extracellular

88
Q

what is the intracellular envirnment rich in

A

K

89
Q

what is the intracellular envirnment poor in

A

na, cl, ca

90
Q

na/k atpase

A

enzyme that hydrolyzes atp to pump 3 sodium ions out of the cell and brings 2 k in

91
Q

why is the work of atpase sometimes undone

A

membrane is permiable to K so it flows out as K+ is being pumped back in through transmembrane protein

92
Q

resting membrane potential

A

-70 mV

93
Q

depolarization

A

cell becomes more positive and reaches 0 mV

94
Q

hyperpolarization

A

move more negative than -70 mV

95
Q

what ion channels are closed during resting potential

A

most k and all na channels

96
Q

what happens to ion channels during hyperpolarization

A

na is closed and k is open
k leaves the cell and membrane becomes more negative

97
Q

where are neurotransmitters released

A

synaptic cleft

98
Q

most graded potentials are …

A

excitatory (raise the potential to become more positive)

99
Q

Excitatory postsynaptic potentials

A

graded potential that makes potential more positive

100
Q

inhibitory postsynaptic potential

A

graded potential that makes potential more negative

101
Q

spatial summation

A

simultaneous signals coming from multiple presynaptic neurons being received by a single postsynaptic neuron

102
Q

temporal summation

A

rapid series of weak pulses from a single source into one large signal`

103
Q

what is found in high concentrations at the axon hillock

A

voltage gated sodium channels

104
Q

what do voltage gated ion channels open and close in response to

A

membrane potential changes

105
Q

depolarization

A

rapid opening of Na+ ion channels along the axon toward the terminal

106
Q

repolarization starts when

A

voltage gated k+ channels are opened via the positive membrane potential from previous influx of na

107
Q

what potential causes na channels to close and begin repolarization

A

+35 mV

108
Q

hyperpolarization

A

after na channels are closed, k+ still leaves the cell and overshoots membrane resting potential and na/k atpase will reestablish membrane potential

109
Q

where are k and na concentrated in a resting neuron

A

na is higher outside
k is higher inside
-70 mV

110
Q

what are k and na concentrations in a neuron that is initiating action potential

A

open na+ channels to flood into cell
inside becomes more positive

111
Q

movement of action potential, what happens to channels

A

na+ are continuing to open and k+ opens after sodium ones

112
Q

absolute refractory period

A

+40 mV
when sodium channels are closed and cannot open again

113
Q

relative refractory period

A

na channels begin to open again but membrane is still hyperpolarized
- depolarization possible but not likely

114
Q

voltage gated ca channels

A

at the end of the axon
open in response to change in membrane potential and depolarization
- cause influx of ca2+ into terminal buttons and cause exocytosis of neurotransmitters

115
Q

function of calcium in action potential

A

enters terminal bouton and causes exocytosis of neurotransmitters which bind to postsynaptic cell and depolarize that one

116
Q

what happens to excess neurotransmitters in the synapse

A

either degrade or reuptake

117
Q

degredation

A

hydrolytic enzymes break neurotransmitters apart

118
Q

what enzyme degrades ach

A

acetylcholinesterase

119
Q

reuptake

A

neurotransmitters are moved out of synaptic cleft and prevented from bninding

120
Q

function of acetylcholine

A

activates muscle contractions at NMJ
used in all autonomic outputs of brain to ganglia

121
Q

dopamine function

A

used in reward and motor pathways
- parkinsons is loss of dopaminergic neurons in substantia nigra

122
Q

where are dopaminergic neurons formed

A

substantia nigra

123
Q

endorphins

A

pain supression and produce euphoria

124
Q

epinephrine

A

nt that stimulates fight or flight response in sympathetic nervous system

125
Q

GABA

A

inhibitory neuron that hyperpolarizes cells to reduce action potential firing
- alcohol intoxication

126
Q

glutamate

A

excitatory neurotransmitter (90%) of neurons

127
Q

glycine

A

inhibitory nt of spinal cord and brainstem
- works with gaba

128
Q

norepinephrine

A

used in post ganglionic connections of sympathetic division of ANS
- increase arousal, alertness, focus

129
Q

serotonin

A

regulates intenstinal movement in GI tract and regulates mood appetite and sleep in the brain

130
Q

gap junctions

A

allow ions to fuse between two neurons enabling the membrane potential of one to directly and immediately influence another

131
Q

capacitance

A

ability to store charge

132
Q

cell membranes of neurons posess what

A

capacitance and resistance

133
Q

membrane resistance

A

reflects the ability of a membrane to effectively seperate charge
- high membrane resistance = more effective transmission of AP

134
Q

membrane capacitance

A

charge stored across membrane

135
Q

cytoplasmic resistance

A

opposition to flow of ions through cytoplasm

136
Q

myleination

A

increases membrane resistance, and increases action potential speed
- conduction is more rapid

137
Q

nodes of ranvier

A

short unmyleinated regions of axon where na+ k+ and Na/k+ atpases are concentrated
- action potentials jump from nodes –> saltatory conduction

138
Q

Nerst equation

A

standard cell potential = cell potential of cathode - cell potential of anode
= 0 as a concentration cell

139
Q

nerst eqn

A

cell potential = standard cell potential - RT/nF * lnQ
- n is moles of electrons

140
Q

concentration cell

A

electrochemical cells that consist of two half-cells wherein the electrodes are the same, but they vary in concentration.

MCAT bio (12 decks)

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