endocrine system Flashcards
(109 cards)
1
Q
exocrine gland
A
secrete products directly into ducts
2
Q
endocrine glands
A
secrete products (hormones) into blood and target effector organs
3
Q
major exocrine glands
A
found in digestive system, sweat glands, salivary glands, milk ducts, subaceous glands, tears (lacrimal glands)
4
Q
major endocrine glands
A
hypothalamus, anterior pituitary, posterior pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal cortex and medulla, pancreas, gonads
5
Q
major organ with endocrine and exocrine function
A
pancreas
6
Q
exocrine portion of pancreas
A
digestive enzymes
7
Q
endocrine portion of pancreas
A
insulin and glucagon
8
Q
what are the exocrine and endocrine functions of the liver
A
exocrine: secretes bile
endocrine: secretes angiotensin
9
Q
paracrine signaling
A
signaling acts on nerby cells
- heavily involved in embryonic differentiation
10
Q
which type of signaling is thought to be associated with cancer
A
autocrine
11
Q
juxtacrine singaling
A
cells must be in close contact for communication
12
Q
merocrine cell
A
if cell releases secretions through exocytosis
13
Q
merocrine cell
A
secretion via exoctyosis
14
Q
merocrine cell
A
if cell releases secretions through exocytosis ec
15
Q
eccrine glands
A
merocrine sweat glands
16
Q
apocrine glands
A
release through membrane bound vesicles
- mammory and sweat
17
Q
holocrine secretions
A
rupture of plasma membrane and releasing product
- subaceous glands
18
Q
peptide hormones
A
amino acid based hormones that are polar and must have a membrane receptor
19
Q
steriod hormones
A
nonpolar and derived from cholesterol
4 ring structure
can diffuse readily across plasma membarne and bind to dna
20
Q
primary signal in peptide homrones
A
peptide hormone
21
Q
why do hormones require transport proteins in the blood
A
because they are not soluble
22
Q
nonspecific steroid transport protein
A
albumin
23
Q
once in the cell what do steriod hormones bind to
A
nuclear receptors
24
Q
major effect of steroid hormones in the cell
A
gene expression
25
preprohormones
early precursors of PEPTIDE hormones that are transferred to the rough ER to become prohormones
26
prohormones
inactive immediate precusors to peptide hormones
27
where are prohormones cleaved to become complete peptide hormones
golgi
28
steroid hormones are derived from what
cholesterol in smooth ER
29
are there intermediate stages of steriod hormone formation
no
only peptide hormones go through pre and pro stages
30
are peptide hormones soluble in blood
yes, this is why they do not need a transport protein like steroids
31
which type of hormone has more rapid effect? which one is the most long term
peptide and steroid respectively
32
typical functions of steroid hormomes
sex, salt, sugar
33
examples of steriods
aldosterone, cortisol, estrogen
34
amino acid derived hormones
small peptide hormones from 1 amino acid
ex: T3 and T4 are tyrosine deriviatives and are lipid soluble
35
catecholamines
hormone derived from tyrosine and are hydrophilic
- norepinephrine and epinephrine
36
what hormone is derived from tryptophan and is both lipid and water soluble
melatonin
37
tropic hormones
cause the release of downstream hormones
38
hypothalamus anterior pituitary adrenal axis
Crh --> acth --> cortisol
- cortisol inhibits CRH and ACTH
39
which hormone exhibits positive feedback
oxytocin during labor contractions
40
insulin
peptide hormone released by beta cells of pancreas that cause cell uptake of glucose and decrease BGL
- activate glucose transporters
41
what processes does insulin upregulate
glycolysis, glycogen synthesis, fatty acid synthesis
42
what processes does insulin inhibit
glycogenolysis, fatty acid degredation (lipolysis), fatty acid oxidation
43
glucagon
peptide hormone released by alpha cells of pancreas and is opposite of insulin
- released in response to low BGL and encourages release of glucose from cells into the blood
44
which processes does glucagon promote
glycogenolysis, and gluconeogenesis
45
what organ is responsible for gluconeogenesis
liver because it has glucose 6 phosphotase
46
what other hormones can increase BGL
cortisol and epinephrine
47
major hormones of calcium regulation
calcitonin and parathyroid hormone .;
48
what hormone is released in response to low blood calcium levels in order to raise it
PTH
49
how does PTH increase ca levels
by increasing osteoclast activity
50
what hormone is released to bring down blood calcium levels
calcitonin
51
how does calcitonin decrease blood calcium levels
inhibiting osteoclast activity
52
vitamin D
crucial for serum calcium and phosphate levels
53
calcitrol
active form of of vit D that affects calcium and phosphate levels
- similar finction to PTH
- increases calcium levels by increasing absorption of ca in gi tract
54
little fluid means
low blood pressure
low blood volume
increased blood osmolatiry
55
increased fluid
high bp
high blood volume
low blood osmolarity
56
which hormones respond to low blood volume
aldosterone and ADH
57
aldosterone
increases blood volume and blood pressure by increasing sodium absorption in the distal convuluted tubule and collecting duct which increases water absorption
58
adh/vasopressin
increases the permiability of the collecting duct to water and increases water absorption
reduces blood osmolarity wihtout changing solute concentration
59
where and when is ADH released
released from the posterior pituitary in response to low blood pressire and high plasma osmolarity
60
where and when is aldosterone released
released from the adrenal cortex in response to low blood pressure and is regulated by angiotensin system
61
renin
enzyme released from the kidneys that converts angiotensinogen into angiotensin 1
62
what is angiotensin 1 converted into
angiotensin 2 in the lungs
63
what is the immediate stimulus of aldosterone
angiotensin 2
64
main function of aldosterone
restores blood pressure (raises blood volume) and inhibits the release of renin
65
ANP
hormone that endocrine system uses to deal with excess blood volume
- opposite of aldosterone
- decreases sodium reabsorption in the distal convuluted tubule and collecting duct `
66
ANP
hormone that endocrine system uses to deal with excess blood volume
- opposite of aldosterone
- decreases sodium reabsorption in the distal convuluted tubule and collecting duct
67
what hormone inhibits aldosterone release
ANP
68
cortisol
long term stress
69
where is cortisol released from
adrenal cortex
70
glucocorticoids
class of horones from adrenal cortex
71
what metabolic pathway does cortisol stimulate
gluconeogensis and antagonist to insulin
72
epinephrine
short term stress response homrone that increase blood glucose levels
73
what metabolic pathways does epinephrine induce
glycogenolysis, gluconeogeneiss, glucagon release
74
what is norepinephrine
catacholamine synthesized from tryosine that can be a neurotransmitter or a hromone
75
function of t3 and t4
increase basal metabolic rate
- released in response to TSH from AP
76
hypothroyid
insufficient thyroid hormones
fatigue, weight gain, iodine deficiency, , decrease body temp
77
hyperthryoid
excess t3 and t4 with weight loss, hunger, insomnia, increased body temp
78
where are esteogen and testosterone produced
gonads: ovaries and testes
79
progesterone
prepares uterus for implantation and maintains it throughout pregnancy
80
lutenzing hormone
stimulates the release of estrogen and testosterone
81
luteal surge
LH stimulates the release of estrogen leading to ovulation
82
FSH
ovarian follicle stimulation and spermatogensis
83
HcG
maintains corpus luteum during pregnancy and causes it to secrete progesterone
84
prolactin
acts on mammory glands to produce milk
85
tropic hormones of anterior pituitary
TSH, ACTH, LH, FSH, GH
FLaTPiG
86
tropic hormones of hypothalamus
GnRH, TRH, CRH, GHRH
87
is human chroionic gonadotropin a releasing hormone
yes, causes lh to maintain corpus luteum
88
what are the effects of aldosterone
increased na absorption in DCT and blood volume/ pressure increases
89
effects of ADH
increased water absorption in collecting duct to increase fluid levels
90
effects of ANP
decreased NA absorption in DCT and blood volume decreases
91
hypothalamus
bridge between nervous and endocrine systems
- located in forebrain
92
what connects the hypothamus and the anterior pituitary
hypopheseal portal system
- hormones transported
93
similarity of hormones between anterior and posterior pituitary
ALL HORMONES ARE PEPTIDE
94
what cells in males does LH stimulate
interstitial cells of ledig to secrete tesosterone
95
what in females does LH induce
ovarian estrogen production
96
funciton of ACTH
induces production of glucocorticoids and mineralcorticoids in adrenal cortex
97
nontropic hormones of anterior pituitary
endorphins, growht hormone, prolactin
98
hormones of posterior pituitary
ADH/ vasopressin and oxytocin
99
ADH major function
secreted during dehydration to increase fluid volume and blood pressure
100
hormones of thyroid
t3/t4 and calcitonin
101
adrenal gland
divided into cortex and medulla
102
adrenal cortex
secrete corticosterioids like cortisol
- can be mineralcorticoids or glucocorticoids
103
adrenal medulla
epinephrine/norepinephrine
104
alpha cells of pancreas
glucagon secretion in response to low BGL
105
beta cells of pancreas
secrete insulin in response to high BGL
106
delta cells of pancreas
secrete somatostatin (slow rate of digesion)
107
pineal glands
secrete melatonin
108
hormone of heart
ANP , decrease blood volume and decrease pressure
109
thymus
t cells of adaptive immunity mature
