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MCAT bio > musculoskeletal system and skin > Flashcards

musculoskeletal system and skin Flashcards

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MCAT flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

types of connective tissue

A

bone, blood, muscle, fat
- cartilage

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2
Q

cartilage

A

type of connective tissue that is made of CHONDROCYTES which produce collagen

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3
Q

chondrocytes

A

cells of cartilage that produce collagen

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4
Q

collagen

A

strucural protein found in EC of connective tissue

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5
Q

ligaments

A

connect bone to bone

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6
Q

tendons

A

connect bone to muscle

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7
Q

axial skeleton

A

starts at skull and runs down vertebrae

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8
Q

appendicular skeleton

A

upper and lower extremeties

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9
Q

cervical spine

A

top
c1-c7

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10
Q

thoracic spine

A

middle
t1 - t12

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11
Q

lumbar spine

A

L1-L5

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12
Q

long bones

A

bones in upper and lower extrememties

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13
Q

diaphysis

A

long shaft (middle) of bone between 3 epiphysis

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14
Q

joints

A

where bones meet

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15
Q

synovial joints

A

bones meet in fibrous synovial cavity
- diathrosis (free movement)

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16
Q

which joints are diathrosis

A

synovial

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17
Q

fibrous joints

A

synathrosis (no movement)

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18
Q

cartilagenous joints

A

amphiathroisis (little movement)

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19
Q

exoskeleton of insects

A

formed from a polymer of chitin ; N - acetylglucosamine

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20
Q

functions of blood

A
  1. regulates blood calcium levels
  2. produce new blood cells in bone marrow
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21
Q

matrix of bone

A

water. collagen, minerals

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22
Q

cellular components of bone

A

osteoclasts, osteocytes, osteogenic stem cell, osteoblast

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23
Q

function of bone

A

regulate calcium/ phopshate levels
produce new blood cells in BM

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24
Q

osteoblasts

A

produce hydroxyapatite and depsot into bone matrix
- build bone

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25
Q

osteoclasts

A

break down bone
- increase blood calcium levels

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26
Q

osteocytes

A

inactivated osteoblasts

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27
Q

PTH

A

increses blood calcium levels by increasing osteoclast activity and decreasing osteoblast

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28
Q

calcitrol

A

derivative of vitamin D that increases blood calcium levels by increasing osteoclast activity

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29
Q

calcitonin

A

antagonist to calcitrol and PTH
- decreases blood calcium by decreasing osteoclast activtiy

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30
Q

compact bone

A

cortical bone
- hard and stiff outer layer of most bone

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31
Q

cancelloous bone

A

spongey bone
- less dense interior of bone

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32
Q

bone marro

A

location of hematopoeisis
- red and white blood cells
yellow bone marrow –> fat

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33
Q

muscle types

A

smooth, cardiac, skeletal

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34
Q

myocytes. myofibers

A

muscle cells made up of myofibrils (actin and myosin)

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35
Q

sarcomeres

A

repeating unnit of muscle with thick and thin filament

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36
Q

sarcoplasmic reticulum

A

smooth endoplasmic reticulum of muscle, stores calcium inside the cell
- mediates transmission of nerve impuslses and is in contact with t tubules

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37
Q

myoglobin

A

red colored protein that stores oxygen in myocytes
- has greater bonding affinity for O2 than hemoglobin

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38
Q

T tubules

A

projection from the sarcolemma (membrane). tjat reaches toward the middld of the cell and has ion channels for rapid AP
- initiate muscle contraction

39
Q

what system innervates skeletal muscle

A

somatic nervous system
- under concious control

40
Q

skeletal muscle striated or no

A

striated
thin filiments are light, thick are dark

41
Q

skeletal muscle mononucleated or multinucleated

A

multi, immature cells fuse together

42
Q

types of skeletal muscle fibers

A

white and red

43
Q

red fibers

A

lots of mitochondria
- good for long distance
- lots of o2 from a lot of myoglobin
- perfer oxidative metabolism

44
Q

white fibers

A
  • less mit and myoglobin
  • perfer anerobic metabolism
  • short bursts of E
45
Q

smooth muscle

A

innervated by autonomic nervous system so involuntary control
- no striations
- mononucleated
- involved in peristalsis

46
Q

cardiac muscle

A

intercalated junctions (gap junctions)
- involuntary control
- striated
- branched cells

47
Q

intercalated discs

A

gap juncitons that connect cytoplasm of adjacent cells for rapid action potential

48
Q

myogenic activity

A

ability of a muscle to contract without nervous stimulation in response to other stimuli like stretchin
-smooth and cardiac muscle can do
- SA node

49
Q

sliding filament theory

A

myosin filaments use energy from ATP to “walk” along the actin filaments with their cross bridges
- pull actin closer together
- The movement of the actin filaments also pulls the Z lines closer together, thus shortening the sarcomere.

50
Q

myofibrils

A

long linear muscle fibers composed of alternating thick and thin filament

51
Q

sarcomere

A

unit of contraction
- contain a thick fiber and 2 half thin fibers that over lap

52
Q

M line

A

middle of sarcomere
- runs through middle of thick filament

53
Q

Z line

A

defines the ends of the sarcomere
- runs through the thin band

54
Q

I band

A

region where only thin filament is

55
Q

A band

A

thick and thin over lap

56
Q

h zone

A

only thick filament

57
Q

which regions of sarcomere have no overlap

A

H zone and I badn

58
Q

what happens to M line during contraction

A

M lines of adjacent sarcomeres move closer together

59
Q

what happens to Z line during contraction

A

Z lines move closer together

60
Q

what happens to A band during contraction

A

nothing bc not compressed

61
Q

what happens to I band during contraction

A

shrinks because of overlap

62
Q

what happes to H zone during contraction

A

shrinks becusae overlap

63
Q

cross bridge cycling

A

actin and myosin slide past eachother
power stroke force of contrction

64
Q

myosin heads

A

project from thick filament and have an atp binding site, and an actin binding site

65
Q

what does absense of calcium do to actin

A

it blocks the myosin binding site via tropomyosin

66
Q

tropomyosin

A

blocks atp from binding to myosin in the absense of calcium

67
Q

how do myosin and actin dissociate after contractio

A

atp. is required to bind to the myosin head, which releases actin and atp is hydrolyzzed
- myosin goes into cocked positiion

68
Q

cocked myosin position

A

after atp is hydrolyzed, can weakly imteract with actin, tropomyosin rebinds to actin

69
Q

what removes tropomyosin from actin

A

ca binds to troponin and causes tropomyosin to dissociate

70
Q

power stroke

A

myosin and actin bind and there is a confirmational change when Pi is released , ADP is released and actin and myosin are stuck togethre untila nother atp comes in

71
Q

neurotrasmitter released at NMJ

A

acetocholine

72
Q

motor unit

A

muscle cells innervated by a single motor neuron

73
Q

rigor mortis

A

when someone is dead and all muscles contracted becaue there is no atp to deteach filaments

74
Q

where does ach bind on muscle cell

A

receptors on sarcolemma , which then depolarizes

75
Q

what happens when action potential reaches the sarcolemma

A

it causes release of ca2+ and binds to troponin, to allow myosin and actin to cross cycle and contract

76
Q

twitch

A

isolated contraction

77
Q

summation

A

more coordinated contraction
- contraction becomes stronger with time

78
Q

tetnus

A

maximum contraction for a period of time

79
Q

acetylcholinesteras

A

breaks down excess ach and ecnourages relaxation

80
Q

build up of what occurs with extensive anerobic muscle metabolism

A

lactic acid

81
Q

layers of skin

A

epidermis, dermis, hypodermis

82
Q

layers of epidermis

A

Come Lets Get Some Beer

83
Q

stratum corneum

A

layers of dead karatinocytes

84
Q

stratum spinocum and basale

A

make keratinocytes

85
Q

langherhans cells

A

antigen presening dendritic cells of the spinosum

86
Q

melanocytes

A

pigment , protect from UV

87
Q

merkel cells

A

mechanoreceptors in stratum basale that detect deep touch

88
Q

dermis

A

vascular , hair follicles, sweat glands , ruffini endings, pacinian corpuscles, meisner corpuscles

89
Q

ruffini endings

A

sense stretching

90
Q

pancian corpuscles

A

deep vibration and pressure

91
Q

meisner corpuscles

A

gentle touch

92
Q

hypodermis

A

lots of fat for protection
- macropgahges

93
Q

thermoregulation of skin

A

layer of fat in hypodermis
sweat glands cool
vasodilation and constriction
piloerection (goose bumps)

MCAT bio (12 decks)

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