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function of the cardio and resp systems - year 1 > respiratory anatomy & physiology > Flashcards

respiratory anatomy & physiology Flashcards

1
Q

what is respiration

A

the exchange of gases between the tissues of the body and external environment

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2
Q

which two gasses does respiration involve and why

A

O2 - all cells require O2 to function

CO2 - waste product produced during metabolism

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3
Q

what is the first stage of respiration

A

air is alternately moved into and out of the lungs.
achieved by breathing (or ventilation)

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4
Q

what is the second stage of respiration

A

exchange of O2 and CO2 between air in lung and blood in capillaries

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5
Q

stage 3 of respiration

A

transport of O2 and CO2 by blood between the lungs and tissues

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6
Q

stage 4 of respiration

A

exchange of O2 and CO2 between blood and tissues

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7
Q

other than breathing what are other functions of respiratory system

A
  • speech, singing etc
  • water loss and heat elimination
  • enhances venous return
  • maintains acid base balance
  • defends against inhaled foreign matter
  • nose serves as the organ of smell
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8
Q

what stimulates taste and smell

A

G protein coupled receptors

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9
Q

what are the lungs divided into

A

several lobes (2 on left, 3 on right)

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10
Q

what occupies most of the volume of the thoracic (chest) cavity

A

the lungs

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11
Q

what separates the thoracic and abdominal cavity

A

the diaphragm

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12
Q

what is the conducting zone

A

all the structures that air must pass through to reach the lungs

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13
Q

what is the respiratory zone

A

the site where gas exchange actually occurs in the lungs

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14
Q

what happens in the conducting zone

A

air enters via the nose (or mouth) and is filtered, humidified and heated as it passes towards the lungs

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15
Q

what is the conuction zone useful for

A

saturating air and heating it up

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16
Q

characteristics of the conducting zone

A

tough, non muscular tube

has rings of cartilage to prevent collapse

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17
Q

is the conducting zone responsive to noradrenaline/adrenaline

A

no

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18
Q

does the conductive zone contract/expand

A

no

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19
Q

what is the bronchial tree

A

the respiratory zone

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20
Q

what are the branches of lungs from least branches to most

A

the trachea
the primary bronchus
the bronchial tree
terminal bronchioles

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21
Q

characteristics of small bronchioles

A
  • show extensive branching pattern
  • no cartilage to hold them open
  • walls contain smooth muscle
  • sensitive to certain hormones and local chemicals
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22
Q

what innervates the small bronchioles smooth muscle

A

the ans

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23
Q

can small bronchioles relax and contract

A

yes because they have no cartilage

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24
Q

what structures are in the respiratory zone

A

respiratory bronchioles and alveoli

25
Q

what types of cells are in the respiratory zone

A

ciliated epithelial

26
Q

what are the type I cells in respiratory zone

A

non-ciliated epithelium for gas exchange

27
Q

what do type II cells in the respiratory zone do

A

supply surfactant which reduces surface tension and keeps alveoli complain

28
Q

what do macrophages do

A

clear foreign particles

29
Q

where are macrophages found

A

in the resp zone

30
Q

columnar epithelial cells characteristics

A

they are ciliated and get rid of dust etc from lungs and move them to atmosphere

31
Q

what do goblet cells do

A

they secrete mucous which can trap dust etc and break them down using glycoproteins

32
Q

what is found in the resp epithelia

A

columnar epithelial cells
goblet cells

33
Q

what is the respiratory epithelia needed for

A

mucosal barrier defence against pathogens.

mucocilary clearance of infectious agents.

34
Q

are type one cells thick or thin

A

thin to allow for efficient gas exchange

35
Q

what are type I alveolar cells

A

small epithelial cells with no cilia across which gas exchange occurs

36
Q

what do type II alveolar cells do

A

secrete surfactant, a substance that facilitates lung expansion

37
Q

why is the alveoli shaped the way it is

A

to maximise surface area for gas exchange

38
Q

what causes COPD

A

damage to alveoli

39
Q

what are alveoli surrounded by

A

capillaries to maximise gas exchange

40
Q

how many alveoli in each adult lung

A

several million

41
Q

surface area of alveoli

A

70-90 metres squared

42
Q

where do nerves that go to the skeletal muscle also go

A

to the diaphragm

43
Q

is there ganglia as part of the parasympathetic system

A

yes

44
Q

what does the parasympathetic system do in the bronchioles

A

direct innervations of the smooth muscle in the bronchioles

acetylcholine acts on muscarinic M3 receptors
CONTRACTION

45
Q

what does the sympathetic system do in the lungs

A

indirect innervation

releases noradrenaline onto the a2 adrenoceptors on pre-ganglionic nerves
this causes reduction in acetylcholine release

46
Q

adrenaline action in lungs

A

released from adrenal medulla

interacts with b2 adrenocepts on smooth muscle of bronchioles

RELAXATION

47
Q

where does blood supply come from to the lungs

A
  • tracheal arteries (from thyroid) and veins
  • pulmonary artery (from heart to get oxygen and then pulmonary vein and then back to heart)
48
Q

why is breathing easy

A
  • lungs are compliant and elastic
  • surfactant
  • pleural membranes
49
Q

what is lung tissue a mix of

A

smooth muscle
connective tissue
fibroblasts etc

50
Q

why is there fluid at the bottom of the lungs

A

to dissolve oxygen and co2 but created an inward pressure (surfactant fights against)

51
Q

how are lungs held open

A

by a positive transpulmonary pressure (Ptp)

52
Q

what is required to dissolve gasses moving across type I cell types

A

moisture

53
Q

what does inward pressure cause in the lungs

A

the alveoli are less able to expand during inspiration

causes the alveoli to collapse

54
Q

what is surfactant

A

a phospholipid

55
Q

what does surfactant do (in general not lungs)

A

gets in between water molecules and reduces the attraction between water molecules

56
Q

where does surfactant work best in the lungs

A

in small alveoli

57
Q

what does it do overall in lungs

A

prevents lung collapsing
prevents too much expansion

58
Q

how does surfactant prevent too much expansion

A

as lungs expand detergent molecules get further apart

function of the cardio and resp systems - year 1 (20 decks)

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