respiratory anatomy & physiology

Question 1

what is respiration

Answer 1

the exchange of gases between the tissues of the body and external environment

Question 2

which two gasses does respiration involve and why

Answer 2

O2 - all cells require O2 to function

CO2 - waste product produced during metabolism

Question 3

what is the first stage of respiration

Answer 3

air is alternately moved into and out of the lungs.
achieved by breathing (or ventilation)

Question 4

what is the second stage of respiration

Answer 4

exchange of O2 and CO2 between air in lung and blood in capillaries

Question 5

stage 3 of respiration

Answer 5

transport of O2 and CO2 by blood between the lungs and tissues

Question 6

stage 4 of respiration

Answer 6

exchange of O2 and CO2 between blood and tissues

Question 7

other than breathing what are other functions of respiratory system

Answer 7

• speech, singing etc
• water loss and heat elimination
• enhances venous return
• maintains acid base balance
• defends against inhaled foreign matter
• nose serves as the organ of smell

Question 8

what stimulates taste and smell

Answer 8

G protein coupled receptors

Question 9

what are the lungs divided into

Answer 9

several lobes (2 on left, 3 on right)

Question 10

what occupies most of the volume of the thoracic (chest) cavity

Answer 10

the lungs

Question 11

what separates the thoracic and abdominal cavity

Answer 11

the diaphragm

Question 12

what is the conducting zone

Answer 12

all the structures that air must pass through to reach the lungs

Question 13

what is the respiratory zone

Answer 13

the site where gas exchange actually occurs in the lungs

Question 14

what happens in the conducting zone

Answer 14

air enters via the nose (or mouth) and is filtered, humidified and heated as it passes towards the lungs

Question 15

what is the conuction zone useful for

Answer 15

saturating air and heating it up

Question 16

characteristics of the conducting zone

Answer 16

tough, non muscular tube

has rings of cartilage to prevent collapse

Question 17

is the conducting zone responsive to noradrenaline/adrenaline

Answer 17

no

Question 18

does the conductive zone contract/expand

Answer 18

no

Question 19

what is the bronchial tree

Answer 19

the respiratory zone

Question 20

what are the branches of lungs from least branches to most

Answer 20

the trachea
the primary bronchus
the bronchial tree
terminal bronchioles

Question 21

characteristics of small bronchioles

Answer 21

• show extensive branching pattern
• no cartilage to hold them open
• walls contain smooth muscle
• sensitive to certain hormones and local chemicals

Question 22

what innervates the small bronchioles smooth muscle

Answer 22

the ans

Question 23

can small bronchioles relax and contract

Answer 23

yes because they have no cartilage

Question 24

what structures are in the respiratory zone

Answer 24

respiratory bronchioles and alveoli

Question 25

what types of cells are in the respiratory zone

Answer 25

ciliated epithelial

Question 26

what are the type I cells in respiratory zone

Answer 26

non-ciliated epithelium for gas exchange

Question 27

what do type II cells in the respiratory zone do

Answer 27

supply surfactant which reduces surface tension and keeps alveoli complain

Question 28

what do macrophages do

Answer 28

clear foreign particles

Question 29

where are macrophages found

Answer 29

in the resp zone

Question 30

columnar epithelial cells characteristics

Answer 30

they are ciliated and get rid of dust etc from lungs and move them to atmosphere

Question 31

what do goblet cells do

Answer 31

they secrete mucous which can trap dust etc and break them down using glycoproteins

Question 32

what is found in the resp epithelia

Answer 32

columnar epithelial cells goblet cells

Question 33

what is the respiratory epithelia needed for

Answer 33

mucosal barrier defence against pathogens. mucocilary clearance of infectious agents.

Question 34

are type one cells thick or thin

Answer 34

thin to allow for efficient gas exchange

Question 35

what causes COPD

Answer 35

damage to alveoli

Question 36

what are alveoli surrounded by

Answer 36

capillaries to maximise gas exchange

Question 37

how many alveoli in each adult lung

Answer 37

several million

Question 38

surface area of alveoli

Answer 38

70-90 metres squared

Question 39

where do nerves that go to the skeletal muscle also go

Answer 39

to the diaphragm

Question 40

is there ganglia as part of the parasympathetic system

Answer 40

yes

Question 41

what does the parasympathetic system do in the bronchioles

Answer 41

direct innervations of the smooth muscle in the bronchioles acetylcholine acts on muscarinic M3 receptors CONTRACTION

Question 42

what does the sympathetic system do in the lungs

Answer 42

indirect innervation releases noradrenaline onto the a2 adrenoceptors on pre-ganglionic nerves this causes reduction in acetylcholine release

Question 43

adrenaline action in lungs

Answer 43

released from adrenal medulla interacts with b2 adrenocepts on smooth muscle of bronchioles RELAXATION

Question 44

where does blood supply come from to the lungs

Answer 44

- tracheal arteries (from thyroid) and veins - pulmonary artery (from heart to get oxygen and then pulmonary vein and then back to heart)

Question 45

why is breathing easy

Answer 45

- lungs are compliant and elastic - surfactant - pleural membranes

Question 46

what is lung tissue a mix of

Answer 46

smooth muscle connective tissue fibroblasts etc

Question 47

why is there fluid at the bottom of the lungs

Answer 47

to dissolve oxygen and co2 but created an inward pressure (surfactant fights against)

Question 48

how are lungs held open

Answer 48

by a positive transpulmonary pressure (Ptp)

Question 49

what is required to dissolve gasses moving across type I cell types

Answer 49

moisture

Question 50

what does inward pressure cause in the lungs

Answer 50

the alveoli are less able to expand during inspiration causes the alveoli to collapse

Question 51

what is surfactant

Answer 51

a phospholipid

Question 52

what does surfactant do (in general not lungs)

Answer 52

gets in between water molecules and reduces the attraction between water molecules

Question 53

where does surfactant work best in the lungs

Answer 53

in small alveoli

Question 54

what does it do overall in lungs

Answer 54

prevents lung collapsing prevents too much expansion

Question 55

how does surfactant prevent too much expansion

Answer 55

as lungs expand detergent molecules get further apart