neuronal control of the CV and rest systems

Question 1

step 1 of neuronal function

Answer 1

neurotransmitters act on receptors in dendritic spines

Question 2

step 2 of neuronal function

Answer 2

depolarisation

Question 3

step 3 of neuronal function

Answer 3

action potential generation and propagation

Question 4

step 4 of neuronal function

Answer 4

neurotransmitter release signals to:
- neurons
- glands
- muscles

Question 5

CNS neurotransmittes

Answer 5

• glutamate
• GABA
• serotonin
• dopamine
• noradrenaline

Question 6

PNS neurotransmitters

Answer 6

• noradrenaline
• acetylcholine

Question 7

what does the ANS do

Answer 7

regulates certain body processes that work without conscious effort
eg. blood pressure
rate of breathing

Question 8

what are acetylcholine and norepinephrine/noradrenaline used for

Answer 8

effecting autonomic activity, they bind to specific receptors to cause a response

Question 9

which receptors do ACh bind to

Answer 9

muscarinic receptors

Question 10

where do norepinephrine and noradrenaline bind

Answer 10

adrenergic receptors

Question 11

what primarily innervates vascular smooth muscle

Answer 11

the sympathetic nervous system through adrenergic receptors

Question 12

what are the three types of adrenoceptors present in vascular smooth muscle cells

Answer 12

alpha 1 (a1)
alpha 2 (a2)
beta 2 (b2)

Question 13

what is the main endogenous agonist of a1, a2 and b2

Answer 13

noradrenaline(NA)/norepinephrine(NE)

Question 14

effect of binding at b1 receptor in the sinoatrial node & ventricles (sympathetic)

Answer 14

it increases heart rate and increases force of contraction in heart\

parasympathetic has opposite effect

Question 15

effect of binding at a1 receptor in the arteries going to intestine and kidneys (sympathetic)

Answer 15

the vessels going to the intestine and kidneys are constricted

parasympathetic has opposite effect

Question 16

effect of binding at b2 receptor in the skeletal muscle (sympathetic)

Answer 16

the muscle dilates

parasympathetic has opposite effect

Question 17

effect of binding at b2 receptor in the lungs (sympathetic)

Answer 17

the airway in the lungs relaxes

parasympathetic has opposite effect

Question 18

effect of binding at b2 receptor in the liver (sympathetic)

Answer 18

• glycogenesis happens (storage of glycogen)
• glucogenesis happens
  (breakdown of glycogen to get glucose)

parasympathetic has opposite effect

Question 19

effect of binding at b1 receptor in the kidneys (sympathetic)

Answer 19

increase in renin secretion

parasympathetic has opposite effect

Question 20

what does the heart and smooth muscle found in the vasculature and airways always receive

Answer 20

dual innervation
(they are innervated to varying extents by both sympathetic and parasympathetic fibres)

Question 21

what does inotropy mean

Answer 21

force of contraction

Question 22

what does chronotropy mean

Answer 22

rate of contraction

Question 23

what does dromotropy mean

Answer 23

rate of electrical conduction

Question 24

example of drugs used for controlling blood pressure via actions on vasculature through sympathetic system

Answer 24

adrenoceptor blockers - alpha blockers

they work by preventing norepinephrine induced vasoconstriction

Question 25

where are respiratory centres located

Answer 25

in the medulla and pons

Question 26

what do the neurons in the respiratory centre do

Answer 26

they automatically send impulses to the muscle to contract and relax

Question 27

which muscles do neurons in the respiratory centre send impulses to

Answer 27

the diaphragm via the phrenic nerve

the intercostal muscles via the intercostal nerves

Question 28

what detects CO2 and O2 in the blood and changes the rate of breathing

Answer 28

sensors (chemoreceptors) in the brain, carotid artery and aorta

Question 29

what does stimulation of parasympathetic nerve do in airways

Answer 29

• bronchial smooth muscle contraction
• increased mucus secretion

Question 30

what does stimulation of the sympathetic division do in airways

Answer 30

• bronchial smooth muscle relaxation
• decreased mucus secretion mediated by b2 adrenoceptors
• increased mucocillary clearance mediated by b2 adrenoceptors

Question 31

what do bronchodilators do

Answer 31

act to dilate the bronchi and bronchioles which increases airflow to the lungs

Question 32

what do b2 agonists do (bronchodilators)

Answer 32

promote effects similar to what is seen with sympathetic stimulation

Question 33

what do anticholinergics do (bronchodilators)

Answer 33

act to inhibit effects seen with parasympathetic system