nasal drug delivery

Question 1

can you have systemic delivery when using nasal route

Answer 1

yes

Question 2

can you have local delivery when using nasal route

Answer 2

yes

Question 3

how are vaccines delivery through the nose

Answer 3

via delivery of antigen to nasal associated lymphoid tissue

Question 4

what volume of liquid can the nose hold

Answer 4

12-15ml

Question 5

surface area of the nose

Answer 5

150-180cm

Question 6

what is the septum

Answer 6

a thin wall that provides support

(cartilage at front, bone at rear)

covered by a highly vascularised mucosa

Question 7

what are the three turbinates

Answer 7

long, thin and curled bones that protrudes into the nasal cavity

covered by a highly vascularised mucosa

Question 8

what do the turbinates and the septum do

Answer 8

1. help perceive level of airflow through our nose
2. clean and filter the air so that potential pollutant don’t enter the lungs
3. humidify the air to help prevent dryness of the lungs

4.warm the cold air to the body temp which helps lung function more effectively

Question 9

where do most sinuses drain into

Answer 9

the middle turbinate

Question 10

what do goblet cells secrete

Answer 10

mucus which coats the turbinates

Question 11

what do epithelia cells express

Answer 11

cytochrome P450 enzymes and various endo and expopeptidases

Question 12

what is under the basement membrane

Answer 12

the lamina propria - where the blood vessels are located

Question 13

what size of particles are retained in the nose during breathing

Answer 13

particles under 10 micrometers

Question 14

what size of particles pass through the nose

Answer 14

particles under 2 micrometers

Question 15

when developing drugs can you effect the mucocillary clearance

Answer 15

no, it is an important defence mechanism

Question 16

what is the clearance half life of a particles trapped in the mucus layer

Answer 16

15-25 minutes

altered by factors such as smoking, disease, medicines

Question 17

characteristics of mucosal barrier

Answer 17

• thin epithelia
• large SA
• well vascularised
• avoids FPM

Question 18

what are the different ways of systemic absorption

Answer 18

• passive diffusion
• paracellular
• carrier mediated
• P-glycoprotein
• active transport
• endocytic M-cells

Question 19

absorption factors

Answer 19

• molecular weight
• pH and pKa
• hydrophilic vs lipophilic
• partition coefficient
• osmolarity
• disease
• physical/anatomical abnormalities
• other medications

Question 20

how to use nasal spray (steps)

Answer 20

1. remove cap
2. prime nozzle (spray once before use)
3. blow nose before use
4. close one nostril
5. switch to other one

Question 21

what does pump design of nasal spray effect

Answer 21

plume geometry and disposition

Question 22

what influences spray plume

Answer 22

• pump design
• formulation factors such as viscosity

Question 23

what does a high viscosity mean (nasal spray)

Answer 23

larger droplet generation due to less efficient atomisation

Question 24

what can higher spray velocities result in

Answer 24

higher inertial impaction of droplets

Question 25

what is xylometazoline (otrivine)

Answer 25

a sympathomimetic agent with a-adrenergic activity

it constricts blood vessels and allows easier breathing