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function of the cardio and resp systems - year 1 > blood as a transport system > Flashcards

blood as a transport system Flashcards

1
Q

what is in plasma

A
  • dissolved organic and inorganic (inorganic eg ions)
  • plasma proteins
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2
Q

what are the plasma proteins

A
  • albumins
  • globulin
  • fibrinogen
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3
Q

what is serum

A

plasma with fibrinogen and other proteins involved in clotting removed

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4
Q

what’s in blood cells

A
  • erythrocytes
  • leucocytes
  • platelets
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5
Q

what is most of the plasma made up of

A

water

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6
Q

what does albumin do

A

pH buffer and osmotic pressure

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7
Q

what do globulins do

A

binding proteins and antibodies

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8
Q

what do clotting proteins do

A

prothrombin and fibrinogen

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9
Q

what nutrients are in the plasma

A

glucose, fatty acids, amino acids, cholesterol, vitamins

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10
Q

what are erythrocytes

A

red blood cells

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11
Q

what is the life span of erythrocytes

A

short, only last about 120 days

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12
Q

where are they synthesised

A

in red bone marrow by process called erythropoiesis

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13
Q

what filters rbc’s

A

the spleen and the liver

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14
Q

what does erythropoietin trigger

A

differentiation of stem cells to erythrocytes

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15
Q

what is the shape of the erythrocytes and why

A

biconcave disk in shape with a flexible membrane

have to be able to fold to fit through capillaries

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16
Q

do erythrocytes have organelles or nucleus

A

no
no DNA, RNA (so no division of mature RBC’s)

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17
Q

what enzymes are in erythrocytes

A
  • glycolytic enzymes
  • carbonic anhydrase
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18
Q

what does haemoglobin do

A

binds reactive oxygen molecules

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19
Q

what is oxyhaemoglobin

A

when oxygen is bound to IRON

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20
Q

what is deoxyhaemoglobin

A

no oxygen bound to IRON

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21
Q

what is carbaminohaemoglobin

A

when carbon dioxide is bound (to polypeptide chain)

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22
Q

what is required for blood processes

A

DPG

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23
Q

what is required for erythrocyte production

A
  • iron
  • folic acid
  • vitamin b12
24
Q

what is vitamin b12 needed for

A

DNA replication, thus cell proliferation

25
Q

what can cause iron deficient anaemia

A

periods

26
Q

what does insufficient erythrocyte count lead to.

A
  • haemorragic anaemia
  • haemolytic anaemia
  • aplastic anemia
27
Q

what is haemorrhagic anaemia

A

loss of blood from bleeding (wound, ulcer etc)

28
Q

what is haemolytic anaemia

A

erythrocytes rupture (haemoglobin/transfusion problems, infections)

29
Q

what is aplastic anaemia

A

red marrow problems (cancer treatment, marrow disease etc)

30
Q

what is iron-deficient anaemia

A

low iron levels
caused by diet, absorption, bleeding

GI conditions can cause malabsorption

31
Q

what is pernicious anaemia

A

low vit b12
caused by diet, intrinsic factor for vit b12 absorption)

32
Q

what can cells that make HCl- also do

A

make intrinsic factor, damage to these cells means dietary b12 can’t be absorbed

33
Q

what is MCH

A

estimation of haemoglobin amount in ONE red cell

34
Q

what is MCV

A

mean cell volume

35
Q

what causes microcytic hypochromic anaemia

A

caused by iron
low MCV and MCH

36
Q

what causes normocytic, normochromatic anaemia

A

acute blood loss
haemolytic
bone marrow aplasia
bone marrow infiltration

normal MCV and MCH

37
Q

what causes microcytic, hypechromic, megablastic anaemia

A

low b12

has high mcv and mch

38
Q

what does the spleen do

A

filter and remove old erythrocytes

39
Q

what does the liver do

A

metabolise byproducts from breakdown of erythrocytes

40
Q

what is iron recycled for

A

the synthesis of new haemoglobin

41
Q

how is iron transported in the blood

A

bound to transferrin to the red bone marrow

42
Q

how is iron stored

A

bound the ferritin in the liver, spleen and small intestines

43
Q

what do spleen macrophages do

A

filter blood by phagocytosis of old fragile RBCS

(mechanisms or recognition (T antigen exposure))

44
Q

what happens after blood is filtered

A

haemoglobin is then catabolised and the iron is removed

haeme is converted into bilirubin

45
Q

what happens to bilirubin

A

it is released into the blood and travels to the liver for further metabolism

46
Q

what happens to products of bilirubin catabolism

A

they are secreted in bile to the intestinal tract or released into the blood and excreted in the urine

47
Q

what are granulocytes

A

they contain membrane bound granules

48
Q

what do neutrophils do

A

destroy and ingest bacteria

49
Q

characteristics of neutrophils

A
  • most numerous wbc
  • defensives (antibiotic like proteins)
  • polymorphonuclear
  • causes lysis of infecting bacteria/fungi
  • high poly count (likely infection)
50
Q

characteristics of eosinophils

A
  • only 1-4% of all leukocytes
  • two-lobed, purplish nucleus
  • granules with digestive enzymes
  • phagocytose antigens and antigen/antibody complex
51
Q

basophils characteristics

A
  • rarest of all leukocytes
  • deep purple U or S shaped nucleus
  • basophilic granules with HISTAMINE
  • related to mast cells of connective tissues
  • both release histamine with IgE signal
52
Q

what are agranulocytes

A

WBCs without granules in cytoplasm

ie no membrane bound granules

53
Q

what do T lymphocytes do

A

found in thymus

respond against virus infected cells and tumour cells

54
Q

what do B lymphocytes do

A

found in bone

differentiate into different “plasma cells” which each produce antibodies against different antigens

55
Q

what do monocytes do

A

differentiate to become macrophages

serious appetites for infectious microbes largest of all leukocytes

function of the cardio and resp systems - year 1 (20 decks)

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