blood as a transport system

Question 1

what is in plasma

Answer 1

• dissolved organic and inorganic (inorganic eg ions)
• plasma proteins

Question 2

what are the plasma proteins

Answer 2

• albumins
• globulin
• fibrinogen

Question 3

what is serum

Answer 3

plasma but without the clotting proteins

Question 4

what’s in blood cells

Answer 4

• erythrocytes
• leucocytes
• platelets

Question 5

what is most of the plasma made up of

Answer 5

water

Question 6

what does albumin do

Answer 6

pH buffer and osmotic pressure

Question 7

what do globulins do

Answer 7

binding proteins and antibodies

Question 8

what are the clotting proteins

Answer 8

prothrombin and fibrinogen

Question 9

what nutrients are in the plasma

Answer 9

glucose, fatty acids, amino acids, cholesterol, vitamins

Question 10

what are erythrocytes

Answer 10

red blood cells

Question 11

what is the life span of erythrocytes

Answer 11

short, only last about 120 days

Question 12

where are erythrocytes synthesised

Answer 12

in red bone marrow by process called erythropoiesis

Question 13

what filters rbc’s

Answer 13

the spleen and the liver

Question 14

what does erythropoietin trigger

Answer 14

differentiation of stem cells to erythrocytes

Question 15

what is the shape of the erythrocytes and why

Answer 15

biconcave disk in shape with a flexible membrane

have to be able to fold to fit through capillaries

Question 16

do erythrocytes have organelles or nucleus

Answer 16

no
no DNA, RNA (so no division of mature RBC’s)

Question 17

what enzymes are in erythrocytes

Answer 17

• glycolytic enzymes
• carbonic anhydrase

Question 18

what does haemoglobin do

Answer 18

binds reactive oxygen molecules

Question 19

what is oxyhaemoglobin

Answer 19

when oxygen is bound to IRON

Question 20

what is deoxyhaemoglobin

Answer 20

no oxygen bound to IRON

Question 21

what is carbaminohaemoglobin

Answer 21

when carbon dioxide is bound (to polypeptide chain)

Question 22

what is required for blood processes

Answer 22

DPG

Question 23

what is required for erythrocyte production

Answer 23

• iron
• folic acid
• vitamin b12

Question 24

what is vitamin b12 needed for

Answer 24

DNA replication, thus cell proliferation

Question 25

what can cause iron deficient anaemia in women

Answer 25

periods

Question 26

what does insufficient erythrocyte count lead to.

Answer 26

- haemorragic anaemia - haemolytic anaemia - aplastic anemia

Question 27

what is haemorrhagic anaemia

Answer 27

loss of blood from bleeding (wound, ulcer etc)

Question 28

what is haemolytic anaemia

Answer 28

erythrocytes rupture (haemoglobin/transfusion problems, infections)

Question 29

what is aplastic anaemia

Answer 29

red marrow problems (cancer treatment, marrow disease etc)

Question 30

what is iron-deficient anaemia

Answer 30

low iron levels caused by diet, absorption, bleeding GI conditions can cause malabsorption

Question 31

what is pernicious anaemia

Answer 31

low vit b12 caused by diet, intrinsic factor for vit b12 absorption)

Question 32

what can cells that make HCl- also do

Answer 32

make intrinsic factor, damage to these cells means dietary b12 can't be absorbed

Question 33

what is MCH

Answer 33

estimation of haemoglobin amount in ONE red cell

Question 34

what is MCV

Answer 34

mean cell volume

Question 35

what causes microcytic hypochromic anaemia

Answer 35

caused by iron low MCV and MCH

Question 36

what causes normocytic, normochromatic anaemia

Answer 36

acute blood loss haemolytic bone marrow aplasia bone marrow infiltration normal MCV and MCH

Question 37

what causes microcytic, hypechromic, megablastic anaemia

Answer 37

low b12 has high mcv and mch

Question 38

what does the spleen do

Answer 38

filter and remove old erythrocytes

Question 39

what does the liver do

Answer 39

metabolise byproducts from breakdown of erythrocytes

Question 40

what is iron recycled for

Answer 40

the synthesis of new haemoglobin

Question 41

how is iron transported in the blood

Answer 41

bound to transferrin and transported mainly to the red bone marrow

Question 42

how is iron stored

Answer 42

bound the ferritin in the liver, spleen and small intestines

Question 43

what do spleen macrophages do

Answer 43

filter blood by phagocytosis of old fragile RBCS (mechanisms or recognition (T antigen exposure))

Question 44

what happens after blood is filtered

Answer 44

haemoglobin is then catabolised and the iron is removed haeme is converted into bilirubin

Question 45

what happens to bilirubin

Answer 45

it is released into the blood and travels to the liver for further metabolism

Question 46

what happens to products of bilirubin catabolism

Answer 46

they are secreted in bile to the intestinal tract or released into the blood and excreted in the urine

Question 47

what are granulocytes

Answer 47

they contain membrane bound granules

Question 48

what do neutrophils do

Answer 48

destroy and ingest bacteria

Question 49

characteristics of neutrophils

Answer 49

- most numerous wbc - defensives (antibiotic like proteins) - polymorphonuclear - causes lysis of infecting bacteria/fungi - high poly count (likely infection)

Question 50

characteristics of eosinophils

Answer 50

- only 1-4% of all leukocytes - two-lobed, purplish nucleus - granules with digestive enzymes - phagocytose antigens and antigen/antibody complex

Question 51

basophils characteristics

Answer 51

- rarest of all leukocytes - deep purple U or S shaped nucleus - basophilic granules with HISTAMINE - related to mast cells of connective tissues - both release histamine with IgE signal

Question 52

what are agranulocytes

Answer 52

WBCs without granules in cytoplasm ie no membrane bound granules

Question 53

what do T lymphocytes do

Answer 53

found in thymus respond against virus infected cells and tumour cells

Question 54

what do B lymphocytes do

Answer 54

found in bone differentiate into different "plasma cells" which each produce antibodies against different antigens

Question 55

what do monocytes do

Answer 55

differentiate to become macrophages serious appetites for infectious microbes largest of all leukocytes