Intro to the cardio and resp systems

Question 1

what does the pharynx do

Answer 1

it branches to the oesophagus and larynx

Question 2

what are the upper airways

Answer 2

nose
mouth
pharynx
larynx

Question 3

what does the larynx do

Answer 3

it connects to the trachea

Question 4

what does the trachea branch to

Answer 4

to alveoli which enable gas exchange

Question 5

where do arteries and veins carry blood to

Answer 5

arteries carry blood away from the heart

veins carry blood towards the heart

Question 6

is pressure in the pulmonary artery higher or lower than in the aorta

Answer 6

lower

Question 7

what does bronchial circulation do

Answer 7

supplies lung cells with oxygen and nutrients

Question 8

which layer contains smooth muscle in veins and arteries

Answer 8

tunica media

Question 9

what does the tunica media do

Answer 9

controls vasoconstriction and dilation

Question 10

what do endothelial cells do

Answer 10

relese relaxing or contraction substances

release bio active substances

Question 11

should there always be some form of contraction

Answer 11

yes or else blood can’t be pumped to the rest of the body

Question 12

what does the tunica adventitia contain

Answer 12

fibroblasts

Question 13

what controls contraction and relaxation of smooth muscle in tunica media

Answer 13

nerve supply

endogenous substances released from endothelium

Question 14

what can abnormalities in smooth muscle regulation lead to

Answer 14

restricted blood flow and airways

Question 15

what do the bioactive substances released by endothelial cells do

Answer 15

• prevent inadvertent thrombus formation
• cause relaxation or contraction of smooth muscle

Question 16

how do endothelial cells prevent inadvertent thrombus formation

Answer 16

they release mediators that inhibit platelet activation

Question 17

how to calculate blood pressure

Answer 17

CO x PVR

CO - cardiac output
PVR - peripheral vascular resistance

Question 18

what happens to PVR if blood vessels are open

Answer 18

it will increase and vice versa for closed

Question 19

what happens to blood pressure if CO goes up

Answer 19

blood pressure increases and vice versa

Question 20

what are baroreceptors

Answer 20

pressure receptors

Question 21

what do baroreceptors do

Answer 21

sense stretch and through that can sense if heart rate is high or low

sends signals to heart to increase or decrease heart rate

Question 22

what can issues with blood pressure lead to

Answer 22

hypertension, cardiac hypertrophy

Question 23

what is cardiac hypertrophy

Answer 23

thickened cardiac muscle

Question 24

what do therapies for blood pressure issues target

Answer 24

they target cardiac output and/or peripheral vascular resistance

Question 25

what do ace inhibitors do

Answer 25

they increase urine output and so decrease the volume of blood

lowers BP

Question 26

examples of drugs that reduce BP

Answer 26

ace inhibitors and beta blockers

Question 27

example of drugs that target oedema/BP

Answer 27

furosemide

Question 28

is there gas exchange in the conducting zone of the lungs

Answer 28

no

Question 29

is there gas exchange in the respiratory zone

Answer 29

yes

Question 30

why are alveoli so thin

Answer 30

to allow for gas exchange

Question 31

why are alveoli shaped the way they are

Answer 31

to increase surface area for gas exchange

Question 32

step 1 of respiration

Answer 32

air is alternately moved into and out of the lungs

Question 33

step 2 of respiration

Answer 33

exchange of O2 and CO2 between air in lung and blood in capillaries

Question 34

step 3 of respiration

Answer 34

transport of O2 and CO2 by blood through the pulmonary and systemic circulation

Question 35

step 4 of respiration

Answer 35

exchange of O2 and CO2 between blood and tissues

Question 36

step 5 of respiration

Answer 36

tissue/cell use of O2 and production of CO2

Question 37

how do the properties of the lungs make breathing easy

Answer 37

the tissue is compliant and elastic

Question 38

what does the lungs contain to make breathing easy

Answer 38

surfactants
pleural membranes

Question 39

what do surfactants in the lungs do

Answer 39

lower surface tension

Question 40

is normal breathing voluntary or involuntary

Answer 40

involuntary

Question 41

what helps to control breathing rhythm

Answer 41

a number of sensory inputs (peripheral and central chemoreceptors) which respond to changes in the internal environment

Question 42

where in the brain do sensory inputs come from

Answer 42

higher areas of the brain meaning breathing can be conscious

Question 43

what does breathing depend upon

Answer 43

respiratory muscle excitation of the diaphragm and intercostal muscles by their motor neurons

Question 44

where does neuronal control of breathing reside

Answer 44

in neurons in the medulla of the brain (medullary respiratory centre)

Question 45

why is the inhalation route of drugs good

Answer 45

quick absorption
avoids first pass metabolism
acts locally and systemically

Question 46

what can restrict breathing

Answer 46

inflamed lung and airway
mucus in the lungs

Question 47

what drugs can be used to help the lungs

Answer 47

• drugs that target receptors leading to smooth muscle relaxation in airway
  eg b2 agonist
• anti inflammatory drugs
  eg prednisolone