Respiratory - Acute and Infections Flashcards
what is a pneumothorax?
accumulation of air in the pleural space
types of pneumothorax?
primary - spontaneous
secondary - underlying disease
features of a pneumothorax?
pain hyperexpansion hyper resonant absent breath sounds SOB
treatment for a pneumothorax?
oxygen
aspiration
thoracostomy
treatment of a tension pneumothorax?
large bore cannula in 2nd ICS midclavicular line
cause of croup?
parainfluenza virus
features of croup?
barking cough stridor worse at night lethargy prodrome of coryza and fever
investigations for croup?
clinical diagnosis
admission criteria for croup?
RR>60
looks unwell
high fever
treatment for croup?
oxygen steroid (dexamethasone) paracetamol ibuprofen fluids
what is epiglotitis?
surgical emergency
cellulitis of the supraglottis
features of epiglotitis?
fever sore throat drooling difficulty eating/breathing tripod position
cause of epiglottitis?
Haem influenza
step pneumoniae
staph aureus
MRSA
why is epiglotitis less common now?
Hib vaccine prevents
XRAY signs for epiglottitis?
thumbprint on lateral neck XRAY
treatment for epiglotitis?
secure airway
oxygen
ceftriaxone
what causes pertussis?
bordatella pertussis infection
droplet spread
features of pertussis?
whooping cough
sick after coughing paroxysms
inspiratory whoop
fever
investigation for pertussis?
nasal swab and culture
treatment for pertussis?
<1 month = clarithromycin
> = azithromycin
pregnant = erythromycin
stay off work until 48hrs of Abx given
how long can whooping cough stay for?
2-3 weeks
can return with other infections
is pertussis a notifiable disease?
yes
cause of flu?
inflenza A/B
prevention of pertussis?
vaccine (given as a child or during pregnancy)
who gets the flu vaccination?
those with health conditions
>65yrs
pregnant
healthcare workers
what is ARDS?
acute lung injury consisting of pulmonary oedema and lung inflammation
features of ARDS?
cyanosis tachypnoea increased RR fever cough sputum
investigations in ARDS?
CXR (bilateral infiltrates <1wk) FBC ABGs U+Es, LFTs, amylase clotting CRP blood cultures
find a cause
what causes diptheria?
corynebacterium diptheriae infection
produces exotoxin causing tissue necrosis
features of diptheria?
sore throat
croup cough
neck swelling
pseudomembrane formation
investigation and treatment of diptheria?
culture
erythro/penicillin
why is diptheria less common?
vaccination (3 in 1 - DTaP)
types of pleural effusion?
transudate <25g/l protein
exudate >35g/l
features of a pleural effusion?
stony dull percussion
pleuritic pain
diminished breath sounds
causes of transudate?
heart failure
fluid overload
nephrotic syndrome
cirrhosis
causes of exudate?
infection
inflam
malignancy
investigation of a pleural effusion?
PA CXR (blunted costophrenic angles)
US aspirate
bloods
find cause
what is the difference between a transudate and exudate pleural tap?
transudate <30g/l protein
exudate >30g/l
causes of transudate pleural fluid?
HF
low albumin (liver)
hypothyroid
meig’s
causes of exudate pleural fluid?
infection
CTD
cancer
