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Respiratory Flashcards

1
Q

What does the trachea break up into?

A

Bronchioles

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2
Q

When does respiratory exchange actually happen?

A

In the respiratory bronchioles

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3
Q

What do Type II pneumocytes make?

A

Surfactant

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4
Q

What is the smallest component of the conducting zone?

A

Terminal bronchioles

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5
Q

How does air get into the aveolar sac?

A

Alveolar duct

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6
Q

What drains away the rest of the fluid out from the Starling forces?

A

Lymphatic system

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7
Q

Smallest unit of the respiratory zone?

A

Aveoli

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8
Q

What does surfactant do?

A

Decrease surface tension so the aveoli won’t collapse

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9
Q

What is the ratio of Type I & Type II pneumocytes?

A

1:1, but Type make up almost all surface area

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10
Q

What do aveolar macrophages do?

A

Grab smoke particles, dead cell debree& phagocytize them

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11
Q

Law of Laplace

A

P = 2 x T/r

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12
Q

What kind of aveoli has a greater tendency to collapse?

A

A small one

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13
Q

What causes inward collapsing surface tension?

A

Fluid nature

Also elastic nature of aveoli

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14
Q

Surface area of lung aveoli

A

70-80 sq meters

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15
Q

Which lung muscles lift the upper part of the rib cage? (Inspiratory muscles)

A

Sternocleidomastoids & scalenes

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16
Q

Which lung muscles spread out the ribs? (Inspiratory muscles)

A

Intercostals

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17
Q

What kind of process is expiration?

A

Passive, release of signal

Positive pressure forced out

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18
Q

What kind of pressure is inspiration?

A

Negative

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19
Q

What are the pleural membrane around the lung?

A

Visceral-around lung
Parietal layer- outside visceral layer attached to pleural cavity
Pleural cavity in between

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20
Q

What happens when air gets between the lung & the pleural layers of the lung?

A

Collapse

No moisture holding the plerual layers together

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21
Q

What happens to intrapulmonary pressure during inspiration?

A

757 mmHg <760 mmHg

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22
Q

What happens to intrapulmonary pressure during expiration?

A

763 mmHg > 760 mmHg

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23
Q

Tidal volume

A

approx 500 mL

volume inspired & expired with each normal respiration

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24
Q

Inspiratory reserve volume

A

Extra air inspired over & above normal tidal volume

approx 3 L

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25
Expiratory resreve volume
Air that can still be expried by forceful expiration out side of tidal
26
Residual volume
Volume still remaining in lungs after forced expiration | 1 L
27
What would increase residual volume?
Smoking
28
What is left in the lungs after expiration?
CO2 - mixes with new air to have high CO2 concentration | Higher than in atmospher
29
What is minimum percent body fat for body cells?
9%
30
Functional residual capacity
Expiratory reserve volume + Residual volume
31
Vital capcity
Tidal volume + Expiratory reserve volume + Inspiratory reserve volume
32
Total lung capacity
All volumes | 6-7 L
33
Inspiratory capacity
Tidal volume + Inspiratory reserve volume
34
What doesnt change much with a disease condition
Tidal volume
35
Forceful expiratory volume
Volume of air that can be pushed out of the lungs in one second
36
Vital capacity
Max amount of air blown out
37
What is affected in obstructive lung disease?
Lower FEV1, VC stays the same | Takes longer to blow air out
38
What is affected in restrictive lung disease?
Vital capacity is reduced FEV1 can be faster Aveoli replaced with connective tissue & lungs are more elastic
39
What are obstructive lung disease?
Asthma, COPD
40
What are restrictive lung diseases
Pulmonary fibrosis
41
Where is the rhythmicity area?
Dorsal medulla
42
Where is the expieratory center?
Ventral medulla
43
Where is the pneumotaxic area?
Upper 3rd of the pons
44
Where is the apneustic center?
Lower portion of pons
45
Where are the pools of unstable membrane neurons for inspiration?
Dorsal medulla
46
What controls the rate of respiration?
The gap int between inspiration & expiration
47
What controls the depth of breadth?
The number of fired action potentials in the inspiratory center
48
Respiration activity flow:
1. ) Pool A fires to stimulate Pool B | 2. ) Pool B fires to stimulate Pool C in the ventral expiratory center
49
What does Pool C do to Pool A?
Sends negative feedback from ventral to dorsal group during expiration
50
What does the pneumotaxic center do?
Negatively feedback to Pool A & stimulating Bool C
51
What does the apneustic center do?
Sends continual action potentials to Pool A to turn off | Back up so there won't be continual inspiration
52
What do pulmonary stretch receptors do?
During exercise | Stretching of the lungs stimulates stretch receptors to stimulate Pool B - further inhibit inspiratory center
53
How do respiration signals travel to spinal cord
Voluntary:Directly to spinal cord Involuntary:Or to pons (controlled by apneustic/pneumotaxid) --> Central & peripheral chemoreceptors-->Medulla oblongata-->spinal cord
54
Where are peripheral chemoreceptors
Aotic & carotid bodies
55
Which chemoreceptors are responsible for about 70% of respiratory rate?
Central chemoreceptors
56
How does H+ get into the brain
CO2 & Carbonic anhydrase
57
What percent of air is oxygen?
21%
58
What percent of air is CO2?
0.04%
59
What is the pressure of H20 vapor in tracheal air?
47 mmHg
60
What is the pO2 of aveolar air?
104 mmHg | Less than in air outside & tracheal
61
What is the pCO2 of aveolar air?
40 mmHg | Greater than outside & tracheal
62
What 2 things linearly increase affect respiratory rate?
pCO2 | H+
63
What 2 things happen when ventilation is decreased?
1. ) Decreased ventilation 2. )Increased arterial pCO2 3. )Causes increased plasma CO2 & Decreased blood pH 4. )Stimulation from chemoreceptors & peripheral centers stimulate medulla oblongata 5. )Stimulates spinal cord to stimulate respiratory muscles 6. ) Increased ventilation blows off pCO2 & decreases arterial pCO2
64
Systemic arterial pO2
100 mmHg
65
Systemic arterial pCO2
40 mmHg
66
Pulmonary venous pO2
100 mmHg
67
Pulmonary venous pCO2
40 mmHg
68
Systemic venous pO2
40 mmHg
69
Systemic venous pCO2
46 mmHg
70
Pulmonary arterial pO2
40 mmHg
71
Pulmonary arterial pCO2
46 mmHg
72
What happens to pO2 levels at higher altitude
Lower pressure Less partial pressure 80 mmHg O2 Maybe not enough to maintain exercise
73
What does hemoglobin do to blood?
Increase the amount of O2 that can be saturated in the blood 4 O2 subunits
74
What will the blood do if pO2 drops
Desaturate hemoglobin to keep pO2 up
75
Oxygen-Hemoglobin saturation curve axis
% O2 bound to hemoglobin v. pO2
76
How much of hemoglobin is saturated in the arteries?
100%
77
How much of hemoglobin is saturated in veins?
80%
78
Which has hemoglobin that has a higher affinity for O2, arteries or veins?
Systemic arteries
79
What happens to hemoglobin affinity when blood is acidified?
Curve shifts right - less hemoglobin saturated
80
What happens to hemoglobin affinity when blood pH is increased?
Shift curve left- more hemoglobin is saturated
81
What is the p50 value for blood?
50% hemoglobin saturated | pO2=26 mmHg
82
Myoglobin
1 subunit oxygen carrying protein in sarcoplasm of muscles cells
83
Difference in hemoglobin & myoglobin
Myoglobin binds tighter than hemoglobin to O2 in venous blood-->easily pass to myoglobin in tissues
84
What causes acidification of blood?
2,3 BPG increased amount (especially at higher altitudes) | Causes erythropoiesis to carry more O2
85
Bohr effect
Shift to the right of hemoglobin affinity due to increased CO2 (H+ ions affect on central chemoreceptors)
86
What else causes hemoglobin saturation to shift right?
``` Inc Co2 Inc 2,3 BPG Inc H+ Inc temp Inc exercise (release more O2 to the tissues) ```
87
What is the affinity for CO compared to CO2?
250x higher
88
What is the effect of NO?
Vasodilator
89
Haldane effect
At any given pCO2, more CO2 is carried in de-oxygenated blood
90
Because of the haldane effect where is more CO2 being carried?
Veins
91
What protein has highest content in venous blood?
Carboxyhemoglobin
92
Chloride shift
Bicarbonate coming out of hemoglobin from CO2 switches with chloride around tissues to keep pH contant around rbc so they don't hemolyze
93
How much CO2 in body is in the form of bicarbonate?
70%
94
How much CO2 in the body is combined with hemoglobin to make carbaminohemoglobin?
20%
95
How much CO2 is dissovled in blood plasma?
10%
96
At the lungs, where does Cl- go?
Out of the hemoglobin bc HCO3- goes inside to become CO2 again
97
Where is blood pH higher?
In the veins-->so that
98
What is the respiratory rate in a world class athlete during exercise?
100-200 L/min

Physio Final (10 decks)

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