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Physio Final > Respiratory > Flashcards

Respiratory Flashcards

1
Q

What does the trachea break up into?

A

Bronchioles

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2
Q

When does respiratory exchange actually happen?

A

In the respiratory bronchioles

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3
Q

What do Type II pneumocytes make?

A

Surfactant

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4
Q

What is the smallest component of the conducting zone?

A

Terminal bronchioles

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5
Q

How does air get into the aveolar sac?

A

Alveolar duct

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6
Q

What drains away the rest of the fluid out from the Starling forces?

A

Lymphatic system

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7
Q

Smallest unit of the respiratory zone?

A

Aveoli

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8
Q

What does surfactant do?

A

Decrease surface tension so the aveoli won’t collapse

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9
Q

What is the ratio of Type I & Type II pneumocytes?

A

1:1, but Type make up almost all surface area

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10
Q

What do aveolar macrophages do?

A

Grab smoke particles, dead cell debree& phagocytize them

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11
Q

Law of Laplace

A

P = 2 x T/r

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12
Q

What kind of aveoli has a greater tendency to collapse?

A

A small one

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13
Q

What causes inward collapsing surface tension?

A

Fluid nature

Also elastic nature of aveoli

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14
Q

Surface area of lung aveoli

A

70-80 sq meters

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15
Q

Which lung muscles lift the upper part of the rib cage? (Inspiratory muscles)

A

Sternocleidomastoids & scalenes

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16
Q

Which lung muscles spread out the ribs? (Inspiratory muscles)

A

Intercostals

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17
Q

What kind of process is expiration?

A

Passive, release of signal

Positive pressure forced out

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18
Q

What kind of pressure is inspiration?

A

Negative

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19
Q

What are the pleural membrane around the lung?

A

Visceral-around lung
Parietal layer- outside visceral layer attached to pleural cavity
Pleural cavity in between

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20
Q

What happens when air gets between the lung & the pleural layers of the lung?

A

Collapse

No moisture holding the plerual layers together

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21
Q

What happens to intrapulmonary pressure during inspiration?

A

757 mmHg <760 mmHg

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22
Q

What happens to intrapulmonary pressure during expiration?

A

763 mmHg > 760 mmHg

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23
Q

Tidal volume

A

approx 500 mL

volume inspired & expired with each normal respiration

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24
Q

Inspiratory reserve volume

A

Extra air inspired over & above normal tidal volume

approx 3 L

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25
Q

Expiratory resreve volume

A

Air that can still be expried by forceful expiration out side of tidal

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26
Q

Residual volume

A

Volume still remaining in lungs after forced expiration

1 L

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27
Q

What would increase residual volume?

A

Smoking

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28
Q

What is left in the lungs after expiration?

A

CO2 - mixes with new air to have high CO2 concentration

Higher than in atmospher

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29
Q

What is minimum percent body fat for body cells?

A

9%

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30
Q

Functional residual capacity

A

Expiratory reserve volume + Residual volume

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31
Q

Vital capcity

A

Tidal volume + Expiratory reserve volume + Inspiratory reserve volume

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32
Q

Total lung capacity

A

All volumes

6-7 L

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33
Q

Inspiratory capacity

A

Tidal volume + Inspiratory reserve volume

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34
Q

What doesnt change much with a disease condition

A

Tidal volume

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35
Q

Forceful expiratory volume

A

Volume of air that can be pushed out of the lungs in one second

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36
Q

Vital capacity

A

Max amount of air blown out

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37
Q

What is affected in obstructive lung disease?

A

Lower FEV1, VC stays the same

Takes longer to blow air out

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38
Q

What is affected in restrictive lung disease?

A

Vital capacity is reduced
FEV1 can be faster
Aveoli replaced with connective tissue & lungs are more elastic

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39
Q

What are obstructive lung disease?

A

Asthma, COPD

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40
Q

What are restrictive lung diseases

A

Pulmonary fibrosis

41
Q

Where is the rhythmicity area?

A

Dorsal medulla

42
Q

Where is the expieratory center?

A

Ventral medulla

43
Q

Where is the pneumotaxic area?

A

Upper 3rd of the pons

44
Q

Where is the apneustic center?

A

Lower portion of pons

45
Q

Where are the pools of unstable membrane neurons for inspiration?

A

Dorsal medulla

46
Q

What controls the rate of respiration?

A

The gap int between inspiration & expiration

47
Q

What controls the depth of breadth?

A

The number of fired action potentials in the inspiratory center

48
Q

Respiration activity flow:

A
  1. ) Pool A fires to stimulate Pool B

2. ) Pool B fires to stimulate Pool C in the ventral expiratory center

49
Q

What does Pool C do to Pool A?

A

Sends negative feedback from ventral to dorsal group during expiration

50
Q

What does the pneumotaxic center do?

A

Negatively feedback to Pool A & stimulating Bool C

51
Q

What does the apneustic center do?

A

Sends continual action potentials to Pool A to turn off

Back up so there won’t be continual inspiration

52
Q

What do pulmonary stretch receptors do?

A

During exercise

Stretching of the lungs stimulates stretch receptors to stimulate Pool B - further inhibit inspiratory center

53
Q

How do respiration signals travel to spinal cord

A

Voluntary:Directly to spinal cord

Involuntary:Or to pons (controlled by apneustic/pneumotaxid)
–> Central & peripheral chemoreceptors–>Medulla oblongata–>spinal cord

54
Q

Where are peripheral chemoreceptors

A

Aotic & carotid bodies

55
Q

Which chemoreceptors are responsible for about 70% of respiratory rate?

A

Central chemoreceptors

56
Q

How does H+ get into the brain

A

CO2 & Carbonic anhydrase

57
Q

What percent of air is oxygen?

A

21%

58
Q

What percent of air is CO2?

A

0.04%

59
Q

What is the pressure of H20 vapor in tracheal air?

A

47 mmHg

60
Q

What is the pO2 of aveolar air?

A

104 mmHg

Less than in air outside & tracheal

61
Q

What is the pCO2 of aveolar air?

A

40 mmHg

Greater than outside & tracheal

62
Q

What 2 things linearly increase affect respiratory rate?

A

pCO2

H+

63
Q

What 2 things happen when ventilation is decreased?

A
  1. ) Decreased ventilation
  2. )Increased arterial pCO2
  3. )Causes increased plasma CO2 & Decreased blood pH
  4. )Stimulation from chemoreceptors & peripheral centers stimulate medulla oblongata
  5. )Stimulates spinal cord to stimulate respiratory muscles
  6. ) Increased ventilation blows off pCO2 & decreases arterial pCO2
64
Q

Systemic arterial pO2

A

100 mmHg

65
Q

Systemic arterial pCO2

A

40 mmHg

66
Q

Pulmonary venous pO2

A

100 mmHg

67
Q

Pulmonary venous pCO2

A

40 mmHg

68
Q

Systemic venous pO2

A

40 mmHg

69
Q

Systemic venous pCO2

A

46 mmHg

70
Q

Pulmonary arterial pO2

A

40 mmHg

71
Q

Pulmonary arterial pCO2

A

46 mmHg

72
Q

What happens to pO2 levels at higher altitude

A

Lower pressure
Less partial pressure
80 mmHg O2
Maybe not enough to maintain exercise

73
Q

What does hemoglobin do to blood?

A

Increase the amount of O2 that can be saturated in the blood
4 O2 subunits

74
Q

What will the blood do if pO2 drops

A

Desaturate hemoglobin to keep pO2 up

75
Q

Oxygen-Hemoglobin saturation curve axis

A

% O2 bound to hemoglobin v. pO2

76
Q

How much of hemoglobin is saturated in the arteries?

A

100%

77
Q

How much of hemoglobin is saturated in veins?

A

80%

78
Q

Which has hemoglobin that has a higher affinity for O2, arteries or veins?

A

Systemic arteries

79
Q

What happens to hemoglobin affinity when blood is acidified?

A

Curve shifts right - less hemoglobin saturated

80
Q

What happens to hemoglobin affinity when blood pH is increased?

A

Shift curve left- more hemoglobin is saturated

81
Q

What is the p50 value for blood?

A

50% hemoglobin saturated

pO2=26 mmHg

82
Q

Myoglobin

A

1 subunit oxygen carrying protein in sarcoplasm of muscles cells

83
Q

Difference in hemoglobin & myoglobin

A

Myoglobin binds tighter than hemoglobin to O2 in venous blood–>easily pass to myoglobin in tissues

84
Q

What causes acidification of blood?

A

2,3 BPG increased amount (especially at higher altitudes)

Causes erythropoiesis to carry more O2

85
Q

Bohr effect

A

Shift to the right of hemoglobin affinity due to increased CO2 (H+ ions affect on central chemoreceptors)

86
Q

What else causes hemoglobin saturation to shift right?

A 
Inc Co2
Inc 2,3 BPG
Inc H+
Inc temp
Inc exercise (release more O2 to the tissues)
87
Q

What is the affinity for CO compared to CO2?

A

250x higher

88
Q

What is the effect of NO?

A

Vasodilator

89
Q

Haldane effect

A

At any given pCO2, more CO2 is carried in de-oxygenated blood

90
Q

Because of the haldane effect where is more CO2 being carried?

A

Veins

91
Q

What protein has highest content in venous blood?

A

Carboxyhemoglobin

92
Q

Chloride shift

A

Bicarbonate coming out of hemoglobin from CO2 switches with chloride around tissues to keep pH contant around rbc so they don’t hemolyze

93
Q

How much CO2 in body is in the form of bicarbonate?

A

70%

94
Q

How much CO2 in the body is combined with hemoglobin to make carbaminohemoglobin?

A

20%

95
Q

How much CO2 is dissovled in blood plasma?

A

10%

96
Q

At the lungs, where does Cl- go?

A

Out of the hemoglobin bc HCO3- goes inside to become CO2 again

97
Q

Where is blood pH higher?

A

In the veins–>so that

98
Q

What is the respiratory rate in a world class athlete during exercise?

A

100-200 L/min

Physio Final (10 decks)

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