Chapter 1 Flashcards
Metabolism Cycle:
Glycogen (Glycogen Phosphorylase) Glucose (Hexokinase) Glucose 6-Phosphate Pyruvic acid (Pyruvate dehydrogenase) Acetyl CoA Krebs
How much more ATP can be made using Krebs than just glycolysis?
19x more
Glycogen sparing effect
Free fatty acids, with a higher concentration of energy- can be used by the brain instead of carb if elevated for a period of time
What do free fatty acids bind to in blood?
Albumin (3 binding sites)
Keeps concentration low so more can bind
Examples of positive feedback
Estrogen & LH
Clotting factors
Oxytocin & parturition of smooth muscles
Skeletal Muscle
Striated
Multinucleated
Voluntary
Cardiac Muscles
Striated, branched
Unineucleated
Gap junctions
Involuntary
Smooth Muscle
Smooth Uninucleated Gap junctions No overlapping myofilaments Involuntary
How much of body weight is water?
60% (42L)
How much of water is intracellular fluid?
2/3
How much of water in extracellular 1/3 is interstitial fluid?
80% (other 20% for plasma)
Where is glycogen phosphorylase located?
Liver
pKa of bicarbonate:
pH 6-8
When pKa=pH
max buffering capacity
50% acid, 50% neutral
Integrin
Glycoprotein extension from cytoskeleton outside cell into matrix joining other cells
Desmosome
Spot weld
Tight junction
(Intestine) goes all the way around cells at apical surfaces to force things to move transcellularly
Fick’s Principle
Rate of diffusion depends on: Concentration gradient Membrane Permeability Surface Area Molecule Size Diffusion Distance Temperature
What is needed for osmosis?
Concentration gradient
Non-penetrating solute
Osmolality of blood when filtered through the glomerulus?
300 mOsm
How much of resting metabolic rate is due to ATP replenishing?
60%
Na+/K+ pump
3 Na+ out, 2 K+ in
What causes glucose uptake?
Exercise or insulin secretions
Requires ATP
How is glucose transported into the kidney nephron lumen & intestinal lumen?
Na+ actively pumped out of the cell into lumen by Na+/K+ pump
Na+ flows back down its concentration gradient & into the cell & cotransporting glucose out (Secondary active transport)
