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Physio Final > Excretory > Flashcards

Excretory Flashcards

1
Q

What are the kindneys drained by?

A

Renal pelvis & ureters into bladder

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2
Q

What drains the bladder?

A

Urethra

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3
Q

Micturition

A

Urination

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4
Q

Minor caylx

A

Where concentrated urine drops into from apilla of renal pyramids –>drops into major caylx

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5
Q

What do the renal pelvis, renal calyces, ureter, and bladder all undergo?

A

Peristalsis

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6
Q

Functional of the kidney?

A

Nephron

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7
Q

What artery & vein delivers blood in between medullary regions of renal pyramids?

A

Interlobar artery & vein

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8
Q

What artery & vein is in between the cortex & medulla?

A

Arcuate artery & vein

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9
Q

What artery & vein are in the cortex of the kidney?

A

Interlobular artery & vein

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10
Q

What is the two capillary beds are linked in the renal system?

A

Glomerular capillaries (fed & drained by artery) & peritubulular capillaries

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11
Q

Where do all the collecting ducts fill into?

A

Renal papillae

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12
Q

Where is the renal glomerulus/renal corpuscle always located?

A

In the cortex

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13
Q

Which kinds of nephrons have longer loops of Henle?

A

Juxtamedullary nephrons

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14
Q

Which type of nephron is more abundant?

A

Cortical nephrons

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15
Q

What is the makeup of the interior of proximal convoluted tubule?

A

Cuboidal cells with many microvilli

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16
Q

What is the importance of the osmotic gradients in the medulla?

A

Countercurrent flow to allow higher capillary pressure & no venous collection

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17
Q

What are the layers of the glomerular capillaries?

A

Fenestrated endothelium
Basal lamina
Slit diaphragm by podocyte pedicels w/ glycogalyx to prevent charged molecules & proteins out

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18
Q

Which arteriole is bigger?

A

Afferent bigger than efferent

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19
Q

Where does aldosterone have an effect?

A

Distal tubule & cortical collecting duct

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20
Q

What effect does the juxtaglomerular apparatus have?

A

Reuptake Na+ to increase blood pressure & GFR

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21
Q

What do granular cells contain?

A

Renin

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22
Q

What does renin do?

A

Convert angiotensinogen to angiotensin I

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23
Q

What converts Angiotensin I to Angiotensin II?

A

ACE

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24
Q

What stimulates aldosterone formation?

A

ACE

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25
What do macula densa cells detect?
Detect chloride through glomerular fluid
26
What negatively feedsback to shut off renin secretion?
Chloride in the distal convoluted tubule
27
3 Things that occur to form concentrated urine?
Filtration Reabsorption Secretion
28
Glomerular forces
PC= 55mmHg out Hydrostatic pressure=15 mmHg in Blood osmotic pressure=30 mmHg in (proteins
29
Total pressure out in the glomerulus?
10 mmHg out
30
Average blood volume filtered into Bowman's capsule/GFR
180 L/day or 125 mL/minute
31
Total blood volume
5.5 L
32
How much urine excreted a day?
1-2 Liters
33
How much blood goes straight to kidneys?
20-25%
34
How often is blood volume filtered?
Every 40 minutes
35
What is special about inulin?
It is completely filtered- neither reabsorbed or secreted -used to calculate GFR
36
How to calculate GFR from inulin?
urine in 24 hrs x inulin in urine / inulin in plasma = liters plasma filtered in 24 hrs V x U/P
37
How does the renal plasma clearance of a substance that is reabsorbed compare to GFR?
Less than
38
How does renal plasma clearance of a substance secreted compare to GFR?
Greater than
39
What is phosphate concentration used for?
Compare to GFR to see if substance was secreted or absorbed- using phosphate concentrations compared to L plasma/day
40
Extrinsic control of GFR
Sympathetic nerve innervation due to change in blood pressure or exercise
41
Intrinsic regulation of GFR
Renal autoregulation
42
What happens when blood pressure drops or exercise state?
Baroreceptor reflex -->Sympathetic nerve activity--> inc cardiac output, vasoconstriction in skin, GI tract, vasoconstriction of afferent arterioles -->Decrease GFR-->decrease urine -->decrease blood volume
43
What is the effect of blood pressure fluctuations on the GFR?
Lower blood pressure means less pressure out at the glomerulus & more waste stuck in blood
44
Where does aldosterone come from?
Mineralocorticoid in zona glomerulosa of adrenal cortex
45
Autoregulation: What does afferent arteriole constriction do?
Decrease GFR, decrease blood pressure during blood pressure increase so it stays the same
46
Autoregulation: What does efferent arteriole constriction/afferent vasodilation do?
Increase GFR, increase blood pressure so it stays the same if it drops
47
What causes the osmotic pressure of the blood (30 mmHg)
Albumin protein fraction
48
What kind of receptors are in granulosa cells that increase blood pressure?
B1 adrenergic
49
What are the 2 forms of renal autoregulation?
Tubuloglomerular feedback (ascending limb of loop of Henle -->Afferent arteriole
50
Myogenic effect of renal autoregulation
Higher BP-->causes afferent vasoconstriction- decrease GFR | Lower BP--> causes afferent vasodilation to increase GFR
51
Where is NaCl reabsorption
Most in proximal tubule, remainder in collecting duct under ADH stimulation
52
What is the minimum urine a day to excrete metabolic wastes?
400 mL
53
How much of the 180 L/day is reabsorbed unregulated by proximal tubule & decending limb?
85%
54
What happens at the ascending limb of Loop of Henle?
Apical filtrate: Cotransporter: Na+ in/K+ out & 2Cl- in to tubular cell Basolateral side: ATP transports Na+ out/K+ in & Cl- out into interstitial space
55
What do macula densa cells have to detect GFR?
Na+/K+/Cl- pumps that uptake Cl- (due to increased flow) | Release adenosine to decrease GFR
56
What is released by macula densa cells to decrease GFR?
Adenosine
57
Different mechanisms for when blood pressure goes up
Up: Cl- coming into the cell-->cell swells with water & causes release of ATP -->converts to adenosine-->adenosine constricts afferent & dilate efferent-->GFR goes down
58
Different mechanism when blood pressure goes down
Cl- concentration into macula densa goes down-->increases production of prostaglandin E2-->results in release of prostaglandin E2
59
High aldosterone at the distal tubule causes?
Hypokalemia & Alkalosis (increased secretion into filtrate)
60
Low aldosterone at the distal tubule causes?
Hyperkalemia & acidosis (decreased secretions into filtrate)
61
What is the transport maximum of plasma glucose?
375 mg/min
62
What is the max concentration of plasma glucose reabsorbed?
300 mg %
63
How is glucose taken up from kidney lumen?
1.)Apical cotransport with Na+ into proximal tubule cell 2.)Na+/K+ ATP pump so Na+ out & K+ in Glucose uses facilitated diffusion to diffuse into blood
64
Where does glucose reabsorption take place?
Proximal tubule
65
What causes water reabsorbtion near proximal tubule & decending limb?
Active transport of Na+ & Cl- inter interstitial tissues by the ascending limb & reaborption by capillaries
66
What is the osmolarity of blood glucose coming from the glomerulus?
300 mOsm
67
Does the decending limb & proximal tubule have hormonal regulation?
No
68
Which limb is impermeable to Na+/Cl- & permeable to water?
Decending limb
69
What is the osmolarity when nephron = interstital fluid concentration?
1400 mOsm
70
What happens as water moves out the decending limb?
Filtrate becomes more concentrated
71
Why doesnt concentration gradient wash away?
Countercurrent mechanisms in vasa recta to trap NaCl
72
What kind of feedback is in the ascending limb?
Counter-current positive feedback, more Na+ out, more concentrated fluid delivered to it
73
Vasa recta is freely permeable to
Water (aquaporins) & NaCl
74
Where is permeability regulatable by hormones?
Distal tubule& collecting duct
75
Where does ADH come from?
posterior pituitary inside Herring bodies from supraoptic & paraventricular nuclei
76
ADH binding causes?
prodcution of cAMP to cause vesicles of aquaporins to bind to plasma membrane and release water
77
What causes ADH secretion?
Dehydrated state, excess Na+/concentrated blood
78
Where does water flow with more ADH?
From collecting duct & into blood
79
Diuretics
``` Water Alcohol Glucose (osmotic diuretic) Methylzanthines, Thophylline Furosemide Thiasize ```
80
Effect of methylzanthines
Decrease tubular reabsorption of Na+ or efferent vasoconstriction
81
Effect of furosamide
Decrease sodium & chloride reabsorption in ascending limb
82
Effect of thiazides
Decrease Na+ transport in distal tubule only
83
Glycosuria
When more glucose spills over into the urine than can be reabsorbed
84
What causes glycosuria?
Fasting hyperglycemia (decreased insulin action)
85
Where is bicarbonate reabsorbed?
Proximal tubule
86
How is bicarbonate reabsorbed?
1. )Na+/H+ tranporter secretes H+ out into filtrate 2. )H+ recombines with HCO3- to form H2CO3 3. )Carbonic anhydrase turns it to CO2 & Water 4. ) CO2 & Water diffuse into the cell & breakdown to HCO3- to diffuse out basal membrane 5. )Na+ forced out with Na+/+ pump
87
Urinary buffers from acidification of urine due to bicarb reabsorption?
HPo42- -->H2PO4- (phosphate) | NH3-->NH4 + (from glutamine deamination)
88
What effect does aldosterone have at the cortical collecting duct?
Stimualates K+ secretion
89
Diabetes incipidus
Low water reabsorption bc of decrease in ADH
90
When can ADH be oversecreted?
Stress | Trauma
91
Indirect measure of GFR
Blood creatinine

Physio Final (10 decks)

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