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Physio Final > Digestive System > Flashcards

Digestive System Flashcards

1
Q

What is at the end of the large intestine?

A

Sigmoid colon

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2
Q

Layers of the digestive tract

A

Mucosa
Submucosa
Mucularis Externa
Serosa/Adventitia

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3
Q

Layers of mucosa

A

Epithelial cells
Lamina propria- with lymph nodes
Muscularis mucosae (circular & longitudinal muscles)

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4
Q

Submucosa parts

A

Vascular- blood vessel & lympathic channels

Submucosal plexus/extrinsic nerve- autonomic innervation that controls muscularis mucosae

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5
Q

What controls the muscularis mucosae?

A

Submucosal nerve plexus/autonomic extinsic control

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6
Q

Muscularis externa controls

A

segmented contractions & peristaltic movement

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7
Q

Where is the myenteric nerve plexus?

A

In between circular & longitudinal muscle in the muscularis externa

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8
Q

What effect does the myenteric nerve plexus have?

A

Extrinsic nerve control from autonomic nervous system

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9
Q

Serosa/adventitia

A

Outermost layer/connective tissue to abdominal wall

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10
Q

Folds within stomach

A

Rugae

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11
Q

Folds within small intestine

A

Plaeca circularis

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12
Q

What anchors thin & thick filaments in the smooth muscle?

A

Dense bodies, no sarcomere

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13
Q

What is the ratio of thin to thick filaments in the smooth muscle?

A

16:1

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14
Q

What is the difference in myosin heads of smooth muscle?

A

Stacked vertically instead of longitudinally

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15
Q

Does smooth muscle have troponin & tropomyosin?

A

NO

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16
Q

What does smooth muscle contraction depend on?

A

Extracellular calcium

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17
Q

What happens has the smooth muscle is stretched further?

A

Stretch, myofilaments settle at optimal position & contract even further

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18
Q

Where are the receptors for single-unit smooth muscles?

A

Around entire length of muscle, not just at neuromuscular junction

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19
Q

Which type of smooth muscle has more gap junctions?

A

Single unit smooth muscle

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20
Q

Examples of single unit smooth muscle?

A

Digestive tract

Uterus

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21
Q

Mutipleunit smooth muscle

A

Every cell gets a varicosity :lower nerve to cell ratio
Each cells recieves its own stimulation
Less gap junctions

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22
Q

Separate innervation v. Activation all together

A

Multiunit v. Single unit

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23
Q

What don’t smooth muscle filaments have?

A

Resting length or origen & insertion points

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24
Q

Where are slow waves faster?

A

Higher up the duodenum

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25
Q

What generates slow waves?

A

Cells of Cajal

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26
Q

What is the effect of ACh muscarinic receptors at the smooth muscle & heart muscle?

A

Heart- B/G subunit opens K+ channels- hyperpolarization/slow heart
Smooth muscle- a subunit closes K+ channels–>Na+/Ca2+ diffuses in
Contractions with calcium & depolarization

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27
Q

What is the time length of slow waves?

A

~5 seconds

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28
Q

Activation of smooth muscle activation

A

Depolarization causes Ca2+ to come in & bind to calmodulin
Calmodulin-Ca2+ complex initiates myosin light chain kinase to phosphorylate myosin light chain

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29
Q

What causes smooth muscles to stop contracting

A

Action potential is gone, Ca2+ goes away

Myosin phosphatase takes off phosphate from myosin light chain

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30
Q

What doesnt change with extrinsic or hormonal stimulation in the slow wave?

A

Frequency of the slow wave

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31
Q

What changes with extrinsic /hormonal stimulation in slow waves?

A

Height/amplitude of slow wave

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32
Q

What do more action potentials cause in the smooth muscle?

A

Stronger contraction

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33
Q

Rectum slow waves/min

A

17/min

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34
Q

Which has more slow waves/min stomach or intestine?

A

Intestine

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35
Q

What is the effect of norepi on the slow wave action potentials

A

decrease the action potentials & inhibit peristalsis

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36
Q

A greater depolarization causes?

A

More calcium to enter, stronger contraction

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37
Q

What do the circular muscles do?

A

Segmented mixing

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38
Q

What do longitudinal waves do?

A

Propels nutrients down digestive tract

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39
Q

What are the 4 main digestive processes

A

Motility
Secretion
Digestion
Absorption

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40
Q

Where are peristaltic movements fastest?

A

Esophagus

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41
Q

Where is skeletal muscle in the digestive system?

A

Ends of the digestive tract

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42
Q

Most of the secretions of the digestive system require?

A

Energy

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43
Q

What kind of breakdown is digestive breakdown?

A

Hydrolytic

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44
Q

Where is most of absorption?

A

Small intestine

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45
Q

How does nutrients get into capillary system?

A

Bulk flow

46
Q

Where do lipids go once they are absorbed?

A

Lymphatic system- circulate in thoracic duct & get dumped back into plasma

47
Q

Where are the major salivary glands

A

Parotid,sublingual, submandibular

48
Q

What protein is contained in saliva?

A

Amylase, lysozyme

49
Q

What are the phases of swallowing/deglutition?

A

Oropharyngeal

Esophogeal

50
Q

Where is the swallowing center in the brain?

A

Medulla

51
Q

What must happen in order to stimulate esophageal phase?

A

Pressoreceptors on the back of the pharynx touched by tongue

52
Q

Esophageal phase of swallowing?

A

Upper esophogeal sphincter opens
Epiglottis closes over glottis opening to trachea
Stretch causes depolarization of smooth muscle further down & espohagus contracts
contraction spread bc they are single unit

53
Q

What muscle lines up longitudinally with the esophagus?

A

Trachealis muscle

54
Q

How long are skeletal muscle action potentials?

A

1-2 milliseconds

55
Q

How long are cardiac muscle action potentials?

A

250-300 milliseconds

56
Q

How long are smooth muscle action potentials?

A

3+ seconds

57
Q

What is the rate of action potentials in the duodenum?

A

12 contractions/min

58
Q

What material is made in the stomach?

A

Chyme

59
Q

Where are most of the secetions in the stomach?

A

Body

60
Q

Where is most HCl secreted

A

Body

61
Q

Where is most gastrin secreted?

A

Antrum

62
Q

Is there much absorption in stomach?

A

No

63
Q

What is mainly broken down in the stomach?

A

Protein by pepsinogen–>pepsin

64
Q

Gastric motility phases?

A

Gastric filling
Gastric storage
Gastric mixing
Gastric emptying

65
Q

Gastric smooth muscles are very?

A

Compliant- not very much tension with increase of food

66
Q

What happens as food enters the stomach?

A

Slow waves brought up to threshold so that more contractions further down in stomach

67
Q

What happens during the gastric emptying phase of digestion?

A

Antrum contracts to squirt chyme into duodenum

68
Q

What kind of food clears the slowest?

A

Lipids

69
Q

Why is mucus important in stomach?

A

Protect stomach lining so low pH won’t break it down

70
Q

Chief cells

A

Secrete pepsinogen

71
Q

Parietal cells

A

Secrete HCl

72
Q

How much is the total secretions of the stomach per day?

A

2 L

73
Q

Parietal cell secretion mechanism

A

Primary active transport: H+/K+ ATP pumps on apical side to lumen
Secondary active transport:
HCO3- /Cl- transport at basal side to pump HCO3- out
Chloride goes into lumen

74
Q

Gastrin

A

Increase acid secretions in stomach

75
Q

CCK

A

Decrease acid secretion
Increase pancreatic secretions
Contract gall bladder
In small intestine

76
Q

Secretin

A

Small intestine
Decrease acid secretion
Increase pancreatic secretion

77
Q

GIP

A

Small intestine

Increase insulin release

78
Q

Gastric secretion phases

A

Cephalic phase
Gastric phase
Intestinal phase

79
Q

Cephalic phase

A

Vagus nerve causes increase secretion of HCl & pepsinogen
Vagus nerve stimulates pyloric gland area to increase gastrin

80
Q

Gastric phase stimulated by

A 
Protein
Peptides
Distension
Caffeine
Alcohol
81
Q

Gastric phase

A

Same intrinsic nerve & pyloric gland area secretions

82
Q

What causes excitation in the intestinal phase?

A

Stimuli in duodenum

83
Q

What is stimulated during the intestinal phase

A

Intestinal gastrin

Parietal & chief cells

84
Q

What causes inhibition during the intestinal phase?

A

Fat
Acid
Hypertonicity
Distension

85
Q

What are the enterogastrone hormones?

A

CCK, GIP, Secretin

86
Q

What happens during inhibition during intestinal phase?

A

Enterogastrones are released to cause enterogastric reflex to slow things down in the stomach to digest more

87
Q

What cells in the pancreas secrete bicarbonate?

A

Acini

88
Q

What are pancreatic enolyases used for?

A

Carb digestion

89
Q

What is trypsin used for?

A

Protein digestion

90
Q

Where is bicarbonate release in small intestine?

A

Sphincter of Oddi- combined with common bile duct

91
Q

Hepatic portal system

A

All veins from stomach & other organs filter back to liver

92
Q

Where is bile made?

A

Hepatocytes in liver

93
Q

What does bile do?

A

Emulsify fats

94
Q

What duct leads to the gall bladder?

A

Cystic duct

95
Q

What causes contractions of the gall bladder?

A

CCK

96
Q

Which cells have a higher metabolic rate: resting skeletal or hepatic?

A

Hepatic

97
Q

What are fat droplets absorbed into?

A

Chylomicrons

98
Q

Is the TAG that is eaten the same as what is in lipid-protein fraction?

A

No

99
Q

Which protein deliver triglycerides from liver?

A

VLDL

100
Q

Which protein deliver cholesterol from liver?

A

LDL

101
Q

Which proteins deliver cholesterol back to the liver to be eliminated?

A

HDL

102
Q

What is the effect of estrogen in the digestive system?

A

Anti-athrogenic effec

103
Q

Where do the veins from the intestine go?

A

To the hepatic vein

104
Q

How long is the duodenum?

A

25 cm

105
Q

Jejunum makes up how much of the latter portion of the small intestine?

A

2/5th

106
Q

What valve leads to the large intestine?

A

Ileocecal

107
Q

pKa of bicarbonate

A

6.8

108
Q

What secretions are in duodenum?

A 
Bicarb
Pancreatic lipase
Disaccharidases
Peptidases
Phosphatase 
On microvilli
109
Q

What does the ileum mostly absorb?

A

Bile salts, B12, water, electrolytes

110
Q

Main function of large intestine?

A

Increase water & electrolyte uptake & form fecal material

111
Q

Where is there an increase in goblet cells?

A

IN between small & large intestine

112
Q

Enterocytes

A

Tall columnar cells of intestinal tract

Physio Final (10 decks)

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