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Physio Final > Muscle > Flashcards

Muscle Flashcards

1
Q

Periostem

A

Connective tissue covering on outside of bone

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2
Q

Fascia

A

Covering over tendon & muscle

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3
Q

Epimysium

A

Connective tissue over entire muscle

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4
Q

Perimysium

A

Connective tissue around muscle fasciculus

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5
Q

Endomysium

A

Connective tissue around each myofiber

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6
Q

Myofibril

A

Made of myofilaments within a myofiber

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7
Q

Where is the cell body of the somatic motor neuron?

A

Ventral Horn of Gray H

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8
Q

Where is the sarcoplasmic reticulum?

A

In between each myofibril within each myofiber

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9
Q

Where is the majority of calcium concentrated?

A

terminal cisternae

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10
Q

What opens up to the outside of the myofiber?

A

Transverse tubules

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11
Q

How is the Ca2+ concentrated into the terminal cisternae?

A

Active transport pump

Ca2+ ATPase to uptake calcium

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12
Q

Where are 2 populations of mitochondria?

A

Below sarcolemma –>for Na+/K+ gradient pumps

Among myofibrils for head regions of myosin moleules

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13
Q

What is the importance of T tubules?

A

Allow action potential to quickly travel through entire myofiber so contractile elements work at the same time

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14
Q

Dark band (A band)

A

Where myosin heads & actin filaments are

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15
Q

Light band (I band)

A

Actin filaments only

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16
Q

H zone

A

Region of myosin only

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17
Q

Sarcomere

A

Functional unit of the muscle

Area between Z lines

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18
Q

What is the Z line made out of?

A

a-actinin

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19
Q

Titin

A

Spring-like protein that runs through I band to help develop passive tension

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20
Q

M line protein

A

Connects tails of myosin filaments so they stay together during contraction

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21
Q

Most significant proof of sliding filament theory

A

Dark band doesn’t change, but light bands shorten & dark bands come closer to Z lines
Sarcomere is shortened

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22
Q

Which bands shorten when the muscle contracts?

A

I & H

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23
Q

Where are voltage gated receptors in skeletal muscles cells?

A

All around the outside of the motor end plate

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24
Q

What happens during somatic axon terminal stimulation?

A
  1. ) ACh binds to nicotinic ACh receptors in sarcolemma –>depolarization
  2. )Causes stimulation of voltage gated channels
  3. )Action potentials down T tubule stimulate DHP receptors that are coupled to ryodine Ca2+ release channels so Ca2+ goes out to bind to troponin to intiate contraction
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25
Why is there more ACh released than needed at the motor end plate?
500x safety factor to escape
26
Are end plate potentials graded?
Yes
27
Are end-plate potentials decrimental?
Yes
28
What blocks myosin binding?
Tropomyosin & Troponin
29
Ratio of myofibers to neuron in fine motor movements?
Small
30
Ratio of myofibers to neurons in large bulk movements
Large
31
Where does Ca2+ bind to release tropomyosin from actin?
Troponin
32
When does the myosin to bind to actin?
When ATP is broken down to ADP & P
33
When does myosin go through a power stroke?
When phosphate is released
34
When is ADP released?
During the power stroke
35
Are myosin cross bridges synchoronous?
No, more filaments engaged, stronger load on muscles
36
What causes muscle contraction to relax?
ATP & Ca2+ reuptake in sarcoplasmic reticulum | ATP & rigor mortis
37
Type IIA fibers
Fast twitch Oxidative Red-super fiber
38
Type IIB fiber
``` Fast twitch Glycolytic White fiber Very fatigue-able Low mitochondria ```
39
Type I fiber
``` Slow twitch Oxdiative Red High capillary to muscle ration High mitochondria Lots of myoglobin ```
40
What kind of force is isometric force?
Too much weight, can't even be picked up | Muscle length doesn't change
41
What kind of force is isotonic force?
Same force amount, different length
42
Which kind of movement recruits fewer muscle fibers to do the same amount of work?
Eccentric movements
43
Eccentric movement
Muscle lengthing as it contracts
44
Contraction of a motor unit is ?
"All or none"
45
How to increase strength of a contraction?
Recruitment of more motor units/spatial summation Temporal summation More asynchronous contraction of fibers
46
What is the cause of the latent period of muscle contraction?
Series elastic element must tighten up first
47
At what length of sarcomere is the greatest force required to keep it from shortening?
Resting length=max relative tension
48
1/2 Relaxation time
Indicator of fatigue in muscle | Longer to relax, more fatigued
49
Time to Peak tension
Time until muscle is fully contracted
50
What happens as stronger voltage is used to contract the muscle?
Recruitment/Spatial summation of motor units | Increases amt of Ca2+ into the sarcoplasm
51
Temporal summation
Increase frequency of voltage | Still Ca2+ that hasn't been pumped back into sarcoplasmic reticulum
52
Tetatic contraction
Not enough time to release contraction | Sustained contraction
53
What happens as a muscle is stretched out further?
More passive tension, less active tension
54
Twitch occlusion
When max stimulation on muscle, no more active tension- all motor units recruited
55
Resting length
Length of muscle where generated to contract will generate the most tension Optimum overlap of actin & myosin
56
Axis of active tension curve
Percent resting length v Relative tension
57
Post-potanic potential
After forceful contraction, 2nd stimulus cause shorter greater tension strength (Before is can relax)
58
Staircase phenomenon
Fixotropy/warming up muscle
59
Treppe
Cardiac staircase phenomenon
60
What happens to the velocity of muscle at increasing force?
Decreases until isometric contraction
61
What can a force v. velocity curve be used for
To tell the type of myofibers
62
What increases the force of muscle contraction?
Increasing cross-sectional area of the myofiber proteins
63
What is the breakdown of muscle ATP use?
70% for myosin ATPase | 30% for Ca2+ into SR
64
What is the purpose of ATP phosphogen stores?
Able to make ATP when anaerobic & aerobic mechanisms can't replenish them Backup buffer supply
65
Is phosphogen storage ever the major energy pathway?
No
66
How is phosphocreatine made?
Takes phosphate from ATP during rest to get to ATP during exercise
67
What phosphorlyates the phosphogen reactions?
Creatine kinase
68
What are the 3 forms of energy storage in muscle myofiber?
Aerobic Anaerobic Phosphagen
69
What measures max capacity for aerobic exercise?
Max oxygen uptake
70
Which types of fibers have more myosin ATPase?
IIA & IIB
71
What is the effect of more contractions with lighter intensity?
More aerobic, more mitochondria
72
What is the effect of less, higher intensity contractions?
More muscle fiber proteins layed down
73
Can hyperplasia be done in muscles?
No, can't increase number of myofibers, only size (hypertrophy)
74
Can you convert one type of fiber to the other?
No (genetic makeup) | Only through cross-innervation of somatic neurons
75
What is a cause of muscle fatigue?
Extracellular K+ | Decreased muscle glycogen
76
What is the major energy form used during prolonged low/mild intensity exercise?
Plasma free fatty acids
77
What are activated during low intensity exercise?
Hormone sensitive lipases through epinephrine
78
What is used more during heavier exercise?
Muscle glycogen
79
Golgi tendon organ
Senses severe muscle contraction strain on muscles
80
What is inhibited during stimulation of the golgi tendon organ?
Alpha motoneuron when senses too much work for the muscle
81
What type of reflex is the Golgi tendon organ
Disynaptic Excitatory synaspe Inhibitory synapse
82
Muscle spindle apparatus
Detects change in the muscle so that the muscle stops stretching further & further
83
What do the intrafusal fibers do?
Detect changes in the muscle length - sends afferent signals
84
Where does the alpha motoneuron link up to?
Extrafusal fibers
85
How does the muscle fiber maintain sensitivity across full range of muscle lengths?
Gamma fibers stimulate intrafusal fibers at their ends to adjust length of intrafusal fibers
86
What are the intrafusal fibers called?
Nuclear bag & nuclear chain fibers
87
What are the afferent neurons in the muscle spindle apparatus?
Annulospiral endings | Flower spray endings
88
What muscles contract when the muscle is stretched quickly in the patellar tendon reflex?
Extrafusal fibers
89
Where do alpha motoneurons innervate?
Extrafusal fibers

Physio Final (10 decks)

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