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Physio Final > Muscle > Flashcards

Muscle Flashcards

1
Q

Periostem

A

Connective tissue covering on outside of bone

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2
Q

Fascia

A

Covering over tendon & muscle

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3
Q

Epimysium

A

Connective tissue over entire muscle

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4
Q

Perimysium

A

Connective tissue around muscle fasciculus

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5
Q

Endomysium

A

Connective tissue around each myofiber

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6
Q

Myofibril

A

Made of myofilaments within a myofiber

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7
Q

Where is the cell body of the somatic motor neuron?

A

Ventral Horn of Gray H

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8
Q

Where is the sarcoplasmic reticulum?

A

In between each myofibril within each myofiber

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9
Q

Where is the majority of calcium concentrated?

A

terminal cisternae

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10
Q

What opens up to the outside of the myofiber?

A

Transverse tubules

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11
Q

How is the Ca2+ concentrated into the terminal cisternae?

A

Active transport pump

Ca2+ ATPase to uptake calcium

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12
Q

Where are 2 populations of mitochondria?

A

Below sarcolemma –>for Na+/K+ gradient pumps

Among myofibrils for head regions of myosin moleules

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13
Q

What is the importance of T tubules?

A

Allow action potential to quickly travel through entire myofiber so contractile elements work at the same time

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14
Q

Dark band (A band)

A

Where myosin heads & actin filaments are

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15
Q

Light band (I band)

A

Actin filaments only

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16
Q

H zone

A

Region of myosin only

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17
Q

Sarcomere

A

Functional unit of the muscle

Area between Z lines

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18
Q

What is the Z line made out of?

A

a-actinin

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19
Q

Titin

A

Spring-like protein that runs through I band to help develop passive tension

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20
Q

M line protein

A

Connects tails of myosin filaments so they stay together during contraction

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21
Q

Most significant proof of sliding filament theory

A

Dark band doesn’t change, but light bands shorten & dark bands come closer to Z lines
Sarcomere is shortened

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22
Q

Which bands shorten when the muscle contracts?

A

I & H

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23
Q

Where are voltage gated receptors in skeletal muscles cells?

A

All around the outside of the motor end plate

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24
Q

What happens during somatic axon terminal stimulation?

A
  1. ) ACh binds to nicotinic ACh receptors in sarcolemma –>depolarization
  2. )Causes stimulation of voltage gated channels
  3. )Action potentials down T tubule stimulate DHP receptors that are coupled to ryodine Ca2+ release channels so Ca2+ goes out to bind to troponin to intiate contraction
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25
Q

Why is there more ACh released than needed at the motor end plate?

A

500x safety factor to escape

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26
Q

Are end plate potentials graded?

A

Yes

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27
Q

Are end-plate potentials decrimental?

A

Yes

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28
Q

What blocks myosin binding?

A

Tropomyosin & Troponin

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29
Q

Ratio of myofibers to neuron in fine motor movements?

A

Small

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30
Q

Ratio of myofibers to neurons in large bulk movements

A

Large

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31
Q

Where does Ca2+ bind to release tropomyosin from actin?

A

Troponin

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32
Q

When does the myosin to bind to actin?

A

When ATP is broken down to ADP & P

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33
Q

When does myosin go through a power stroke?

A

When phosphate is released

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34
Q

When is ADP released?

A

During the power stroke

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35
Q

Are myosin cross bridges synchoronous?

A

No, more filaments engaged, stronger load on muscles

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36
Q

What causes muscle contraction to relax?

A

ATP & Ca2+ reuptake in sarcoplasmic reticulum

ATP & rigor mortis

37
Q

Type IIA fibers

A

Fast twitch
Oxidative
Red-super fiber

38
Q

Type IIB fiber

A 
Fast twitch
Glycolytic
White fiber
Very fatigue-able
Low mitochondria
39
Q

Type I fiber

A 
Slow twitch
Oxdiative
Red
High capillary to muscle ration
High mitochondria
Lots of myoglobin
40
Q

What kind of force is isometric force?

A

Too much weight, can’t even be picked up

Muscle length doesn’t change

41
Q

What kind of force is isotonic force?

A

Same force amount, different length

42
Q

Which kind of movement recruits fewer muscle fibers to do the same amount of work?

A

Eccentric movements

43
Q

Eccentric movement

A

Muscle lengthing as it contracts

44
Q

Contraction of a motor unit is ?

A

“All or none”

45
Q

How to increase strength of a contraction?

A

Recruitment of more motor units/spatial summation
Temporal summation
More asynchronous contraction of fibers

46
Q

What is the cause of the latent period of muscle contraction?

A

Series elastic element must tighten up first

47
Q

At what length of sarcomere is the greatest force required to keep it from shortening?

A

Resting length=max relative tension

48
Q

1/2 Relaxation time

A

Indicator of fatigue in muscle

Longer to relax, more fatigued

49
Q

Time to Peak tension

A

Time until muscle is fully contracted

50
Q

What happens as stronger voltage is used to contract the muscle?

A

Recruitment/Spatial summation of motor units

Increases amt of Ca2+ into the sarcoplasm

51
Q

Temporal summation

A

Increase frequency of voltage

Still Ca2+ that hasn’t been pumped back into sarcoplasmic reticulum

52
Q

Tetatic contraction

A

Not enough time to release contraction

Sustained contraction

53
Q

What happens as a muscle is stretched out further?

A

More passive tension, less active tension

54
Q

Twitch occlusion

A

When max stimulation on muscle, no more active tension- all motor units recruited

55
Q

Resting length

A

Length of muscle where generated to contract will generate the most tension
Optimum overlap of actin & myosin

56
Q

Axis of active tension curve

A

Percent resting length v Relative tension

57
Q

Post-potanic potential

A

After forceful contraction, 2nd stimulus cause shorter greater tension strength
(Before is can relax)

58
Q

Staircase phenomenon

A

Fixotropy/warming up muscle

59
Q

Treppe

A

Cardiac staircase phenomenon

60
Q

What happens to the velocity of muscle at increasing force?

A

Decreases until isometric contraction

61
Q

What can a force v. velocity curve be used for

A

To tell the type of myofibers

62
Q

What increases the force of muscle contraction?

A

Increasing cross-sectional area of the myofiber proteins

63
Q

What is the breakdown of muscle ATP use?

A

70% for myosin ATPase

30% for Ca2+ into SR

64
Q

What is the purpose of ATP phosphogen stores?

A

Able to make ATP when anaerobic & aerobic mechanisms can’t replenish them
Backup buffer supply

65
Q

Is phosphogen storage ever the major energy pathway?

A

No

66
Q

How is phosphocreatine made?

A

Takes phosphate from ATP during rest to get to ATP during exercise

67
Q

What phosphorlyates the phosphogen reactions?

A

Creatine kinase

68
Q

What are the 3 forms of energy storage in muscle myofiber?

A

Aerobic
Anaerobic
Phosphagen

69
Q

What measures max capacity for aerobic exercise?

A

Max oxygen uptake

70
Q

Which types of fibers have more myosin ATPase?

A

IIA & IIB

71
Q

What is the effect of more contractions with lighter intensity?

A

More aerobic, more mitochondria

72
Q

What is the effect of less, higher intensity contractions?

A

More muscle fiber proteins layed down

73
Q

Can hyperplasia be done in muscles?

A

No, can’t increase number of myofibers, only size (hypertrophy)

74
Q

Can you convert one type of fiber to the other?

A

No (genetic makeup)

Only through cross-innervation of somatic neurons

75
Q

What is a cause of muscle fatigue?

A

Extracellular K+

Decreased muscle glycogen

76
Q

What is the major energy form used during prolonged low/mild intensity exercise?

A

Plasma free fatty acids

77
Q

What are activated during low intensity exercise?

A

Hormone sensitive lipases through epinephrine

78
Q

What is used more during heavier exercise?

A

Muscle glycogen

79
Q

Golgi tendon organ

A

Senses severe muscle contraction strain on muscles

80
Q

What is inhibited during stimulation of the golgi tendon organ?

A

Alpha motoneuron when senses too much work for the muscle

81
Q

What type of reflex is the Golgi tendon organ

A

Disynaptic
Excitatory synaspe
Inhibitory synapse

82
Q

Muscle spindle apparatus

A

Detects change in the muscle so that the muscle stops stretching further & further

83
Q

What do the intrafusal fibers do?

A

Detect changes in the muscle length - sends afferent signals

84
Q

Where does the alpha motoneuron link up to?

A

Extrafusal fibers

85
Q

How does the muscle fiber maintain sensitivity across full range of muscle lengths?

A

Gamma fibers stimulate intrafusal fibers at their ends to adjust length of intrafusal fibers

86
Q

What are the intrafusal fibers called?

A

Nuclear bag & nuclear chain fibers

87
Q

What are the afferent neurons in the muscle spindle apparatus?

A

Annulospiral endings

Flower spray endings

88
Q

What muscles contract when the muscle is stretched quickly in the patellar tendon reflex?

A

Extrafusal fibers

89
Q

Where do alpha motoneurons innervate?

A

Extrafusal fibers

Physio Final (10 decks)

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