Reproduction

Question 1

What is sperm formation called?

Answer 1

Spermatogenesis

Question 2

What is ova formation called?

Answer 2

Oogenesis

Question 3

What codes for male?

Answer 3

SRY gene on short arm of Y chormosome–>TDF

Question 4

What substances are released to cause testes formation?

Answer 4

Sertoli cells secrete Mullerian inhibiting substance

Interstitial cells of Leydig secrete progesterone–>increases Wolffian duct

Question 5

Where do sperm develop?

Answer 5

In the germinal cells of the seminiferous tubules?

Question 6

Path of sperm?

Answer 6

Seminiferous tubules–>rete testis –>efferent ductules (epididymis) –>vas deferens

Question 7

Seminal vesicle

Answer 7

Joins with ejaculatory duct with urethra

Secretes alkaline fluid rich in fructose & proteins to promote semen clotting

Question 8

Prostate gland

Answer 8

Secretes citrate for sperm energy

Prostate specific antigen- breakdown clotted semen & free sperm in reproductive tract

Question 9

Bulborethral gland

Answer 9

secretes, sticky lubricant

Question 10

Epididymis

Answer 10

Needed for sperm maturation & storage

Question 11

Sertoli cells

Answer 11

Nurses spermatagonia

Question 12

Which is spermatocyte is longer lived?

Answer 12

Primary spermatocyte (46)

Question 13

Spermagenesis

Answer 13

Spermatogonia (46)
Primary Spermatocyte (46)
Secondary spermatocyte (23)
creates 4 Spermatid (23)
Spermatozoa (23)

Question 14

Spermiogenesis

Answer 14

Maturation of spermatid into spermatozoa

Question 15

Where do gonadotropins come from?

Answer 15

Anterior pituitary/Acidophile

Question 16

Effect of gonadotropins

Answer 16

Stimulate spermatogenesis/oogenesis
Stimulate gonadal hormone secretion
Maintain gonads

Question 17

What does FSH stimulate?

Answer 17

Sertoli cells to stimulate spermatogenesis

Question 18

What does LH/ICSH stimulate?

Answer 18

Interstital cells of Leydig to produce androgens

Question 19

What negative feedback can testosterone have?

Answer 19

Inhibit release of gonadotropic releasing hormone & LH/ICTH

Question 20

What negative feedback do Sertoli cells have?

Answer 20

Create inhibin to feedback to anterior pituitary & suppress FSH stimulation to semiferioius tubules

Question 21

Puberty caused by?

Answer 21

Increase of LH/ICSH

Question 22

Parasympathetic stimulation stimulates what in male sexual response?

Answer 22

Erection

Question 23

Sympathetic stimulation causes what in male sexual response?

Answer 23

Ejaculation

Question 24

What is the mechanism of erection?

Answer 24

1. )Parasympathetic nervous system releases NO
2. )NO activates GTP–>cGMP by activating guanylate cyclase
3. )cGMP closes Ca2+ channels of smooth muscle & cells relax

Question 25

Effect of Viagra?

Answer 25

Inhibits phosphodiesterase that would break down cGMP

Question 26

Erectile tissue in penis

Answer 26

2 Dorsal corpus cavernosa- more engorged | 1 Ventral corpus spongiosum- more elastic, rigid- around urethra

Question 27

How many eggs released over reproductive lifetime?

Answer 27

400 | Oogonia doesnt undergo mitosis

Question 28

Where is the egg fertilized in the tract?

Answer 28

Ampulla region of oviduct

Question 29

Layers of uterus

Answer 29

Inner layer-endometrium Muscular layer-myometrium Outside- perimetrium

Question 30

What attaches ovary to abdominal wall?

Answer 30

Round ligament & broad ligament

Question 31

Where are ovarian follicles contained?

Answer 31

Ovary cortex

Question 32

Sequence of follicle development?

Answer 32

Primordial follicle-->primary follicle -->secondary follicle (liquor folliculi in antral cavity)

Question 33

Parts of graafian follicle w/ secondary oocyte

Answer 33

Corona radiata-layer of cells Zona pellucida-non-cellular basement membrane Cumulus oophorous- pedestal

Question 34

Granulosa cells

Answer 34

Nutrients & transport for oocytes Secrete Estrogen & FSH Release inhibin to down regulate FSH

Question 35

Theca cells

Answer 35

Androgens converted by granulosa cells into estrogen | Contain aromatase

Question 36

Phases of oogenesis

Answer 36

Oogonia (2n)-->Primary oocyte (2n) first meiotic division, second meiotic division - stops until puberty -->Secondary oocyte (n)-->2nd meiotic division not complete till after fertilization

Question 37

What changes to cells outside follicle

Answer 37

Squamous-->cuboidal (granulosa cells)

Question 38

Uterus lining phases

Answer 38

1-3 menustration 4-14 proliferative 14-28 secretory phase- more vascular, hormonal- accomodate needs of embryo

Question 39

Ovarian Cycle

Answer 39

FSH higher during primordial follicle during menustration LH surge during ovulation Larger follicle=more estrogen, impacts LH

Question 40

What things happen during the LH surge?

Answer 40

Ovulation bc of LH Rising estrogen causes LH surge Estrogen (from follicle) promotes growth of endometrial lining

Question 41

What does the follicle produce?

Answer 41

Estrogen & Progesterone

Question 42

Effect of Progesterone?

Answer 42

Prevents other follicles from developing & more ovulation to occur & maintains endometrial lining until implantation

Question 43

Where do FSH & LH come from?

Answer 43

anterior pituitary

Question 44

Where does estrogen & progesterone come from?

Answer 44

Ovaries

Question 45

What 2 things happen when anterior pituitary secrete FSH & LH

Answer 45

Estrogen increase | FSH stimulates follicle growth

Question 46

Where do estradiol & progesterone feedback during the end of the secretory phase?

Answer 46

Hypothalamus to decrease FSH & LH

Question 47

What kinds of feedback are in these cycles?

Answer 47

Positive & Negative

Question 48

Once the negative feedback of estrogen & progesterone goes down, what happens?

Answer 48

Decreased negative feedback to stimulate Hypothalamus to secrete GnRH