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Physio Final > Nervous System > Flashcards

Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the starting concentrations of cell ions?

A

More Na, Cl, Calcium out

More K+ inside the cell

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2
Q

Which ion leaks more quickly?

A

Potassium leaks out more quickly

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3
Q

Factors Responsible for Resting Membrane Potential?

A
  1. ) 80% due to K+ more permeable than Na+ for leak channels- greater exit of K+ than entrance of Na+
  2. )Electrogenic pump separation of Na+ & K+ ->counter leak channels
  3. )Intracellular anion concentration
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4
Q

Nernst Equation

A

Em= 61 x log out/log in

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5
Q

What equation takes into account differences in permeability of ions together?

A

Goldman equation

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6
Q

What happens when electromagnetic potential equals 0?

A

Not capable of repolarization of the cell

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7
Q

What is the resting membrane potential of a neuron?

A

-70 mV

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8
Q

Where is threshold for Na+/K+ pumps?

A

-55 mV

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9
Q

What happens with an increase in permeability to chloride?

A

Hyperpolarization (bc it is negative)

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10
Q

What happens during the refractory period?

A

Prolonged outward diffusion of K+ (drives below resting membrane potential)

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11
Q

What kind of potential is a post-synaptic potential?

A

Graded (EPSP, IPSP)

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12
Q

Where must post-synaptic potentials get to to cause depolarization (first spot of threshold)?

A

Axon hillock

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13
Q

Examples of graded potentials

A

Post-synaptic potential, receptors, end plate, pacemaker potential

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14
Q

What do graded potentials not have?

A

Thresholds or refractory periods

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15
Q

Does an action potential die out over the length of the membrane?

A

No

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16
Q

Negative after potential

A

Potassium of K+ takes longer to reach maxiumum & drives membrane permeability below threshold

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17
Q

Current Sync

A

Negativity on outside of cell from first action potential attracts positive charges from second cell to depolarize

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18
Q

What happens to the action potentials when the amplitude of the stimulus received goes up?

A

Nothing, all or none response- no summation

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19
Q

What happens to action potentials when the frequency of the stimulus recieved goes up?

A

More action potentials

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20
Q

What effects increase graded potentials?

A

Temporal & spatial summation

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21
Q

What happens to nerve cells when stimulus intensity increases?

A

Recruitment- more axons of a nerve become activated

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22
Q

Saltatory conduction

A

Because of mylein sheaths from Schwann cells, action potentials are faster
Thicker diameter means less resistance to flwo

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23
Q

What causes action potentials to not be able to travel backward?

A

refractory periods

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24
Q

Absolute refractory period

A

Na+ & K+ channels are open and can’t open more

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25
Q

Extracellular recording of action potential

A

Shows negative potentials over electrodes- though opposite direction of curve

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26
Q

Compound action potential

A

Extracellular recording of all nerve cells in a grouping

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27
Q

Increasing stimulus strength of a compound action potential does what?

A

Recruit smaller diameter neurons in spatial summation

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28
Q

What happens when the electrodes are separated further in a extracellular potential?

A

Increase distance between humps

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29
Q

What happens when the nerve is crushed in the middle of two electrodes?

A

Monophasic hump

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30
Q

What is the effect of an anodal block?

A

(+) compound action potential decreases in size because of its blocking hyperpolarization of membrane

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31
Q

Afferent neuron

A

Conducts impulses from sensory receptors to CNS

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32
Q

Efferent neuron

A

Conducts impulses out of CNS to effector organs

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33
Q

Interneurons

A

Entirely in the CNS & associate with other nerves

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34
Q

Nerve

A

Bundle of axons outside the CNS

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35
Q

Glial Cells in PNS

A

Schwann cell/Neurilemma
Ganglionic gliocytes-support neuron bodies
Nodes of Ranvier
Unmyelinated axons

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36
Q

Glial cells in CNS

A

Oligiodendrocytes- form mylein sheaths
Microglia-phagocytose foreign & degenerate material
Astrocyte- regulates external environement of neurons
Takes up excess K+ outside neruon
Aid in formation of blood-brain barrier
Take up glucose from blood as lactic acid
Ependymal cells- epithelial cells lining ventricles of brain & central canal of spinal cord

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37
Q

Grey matter

A

CNS region with high concentration of cell bodies & dendrites

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38
Q

White matter

A

more myelinated axons

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39
Q

Neurons/cardiac muscle have what to connect stimuli

A

Gap junctions (made of 6 connexin molecules)

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40
Q

What is a Cell Adhesion Molecule (CAM)?

A

Keeps the presynaptic & post-synaptic membranes together

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41
Q

Where are voltage-gated channels

A

In axons )

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42
Q

Where are chemical-gated channels?

A

On post-synaptic membranes

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43
Q

Process of Neurotransmitter Secretion

A
  1. ) Action potential causes voltage gated channels to let Ca2+ in
  2. )Ca2+ through calmodulin activates protein kinase
  3. )Protein kinase phosphorylates synapsin proteins
  4. )Synapsin binds synaptic vesicles to cytoskeleton inside nerve terminal & be released
  5. ) Neurotransmitter passes through & causes EPSP or IPSP
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44
Q

What causes EPSP

A

Calcium, sodium

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45
Q

What causes IPSP

A

chloride

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46
Q

What hormone do cholinergic receptors secrete?

A

Acetylcholine

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47
Q

When do cholinergic recpetors depolarize/hyperpolarize?

A

Excitatory in CNS

Either in PNS

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48
Q

What are the two types of cholinergic receptors?

A

Nicotinic

Muscarinic

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49
Q

Which receptor is a 5-subunit protein with 2 binding sites for ACh

A

Nicotinic

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50
Q

What happens when ACh binds to a nicotinic receptor?

A

Na+ goes down concentration gradient
Is attracted by negativity of outside
K+ rushes inside
Na+ wins & always causes hypo-polarization

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51
Q

Where are nicotinic receptors located?

A

All autonomic ganglia
All neuromuscluar junctions
Some CNS pathways

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52
Q

Which cholinergic receptor is a G-protein receptor?

A

Muscarinic

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53
Q

What happens when the B/gamma subunit binds to the K+ channel?

A

opens channel- hyperpolarization (slower heart rate)

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54
Q

What happens when the a subunit binds to the K+ channel?

A

Closes K+ channel, hypopolarize membrane

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55
Q

What stimulates muscarinic receptors?

A

Postganglionic parasympathetic neurons (smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, glands)
Excitatory(peristaltic movement) or inhibitory(slow heart rate)

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56
Q

What effect does di-isopropyl alcohol & NO have on cholinergic receptors

A

Interferes with acetylcholine esterase & prolong muscle contractions

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57
Q

What stops cholinergic reception?

A

Acetylcholine esterase

58
Q

What is an agonist?

A

Bind & activate receptor proteins

59
Q

Adrenergic Receptors

A

Secrete norepinephrine & epinephrine

In both PNS & CNS

60
Q

What are catecholeamines

A

Epinephrine, Norepinephrine, Dopamine

61
Q

What is norepinephrine made from?

A

From monoamines: Tyrosine–>Dopamine–>norepinephrine

62
Q

How is norepinephrine broken down?

A

by MAO in the neuron reuptaken

Post-synaptic cell by COMT

63
Q

Mechanism of Norepinephrine Action?

A
  1. ) G protein turns on adenylate cyclase through use of a subunit B/gamma
  2. )Adenylate cyclase turns ATP to cAMP
  3. )cAMP turns on protein kinase which turns on many other proteins (glycogen phosphorylase)
64
Q

Mechanism of norepinephrine action with a subunit binding?

A
  1. ) G protein turns on phospholipase C by use of a subunit
  2. ) Breaks PIP2 into DAG & IP3
  3. ) IP3 increases permeability to Ca2+ into cell
  4. )Another second messanger to calmodulin & activates protein kinase
65
Q

What are the secretions of the medulla of the adrenal gland?

A

80% epinephrine

20% norepinephrine

66
Q

What is serotonin a derivative of?

A

Tryptophan

67
Q

What is the effect of serotonin?

A

Increased mood, behavior, appetite, cerebral circulatoin

68
Q

LSD mimics what monamine neurotransmitter?

A

Serotonin

69
Q

What blocks reputake of seorotonin?

A

Prozac

70
Q

What does dopamine come from?

A

Tyrosine

71
Q

What is the effect of dopamine?

A

Stimulates emotional rewards (alcohol, cocaine, morphine stimulate)

72
Q

What amino acid neurotransmitters causes EPSPs?

A

Glutamate, aspartate

73
Q

What amino acid neurotransmitters cause IPSPs?

A

Glycine, GABA

74
Q

What effect does glycine have?

A

Increase permeability of chlorine –>hyperpolarization of K+

75
Q

Glutamate Reception

A
  1. )Glutamate binds to AMPA receptor–>increases Na+ permeability
  2. )NMDA receptor has Mg inside-can’t open until AMPA hypopolarizes membrane
  3. )With NMDA receptor open, more permeable to Ca2+ & Na+
76
Q

What effect does Ca2+ have on glutamate uptake?

A

Upregulates AMPA receptors to cause larger EPSP with more Na+ being inside
Activates calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II to aid in upregulation

77
Q

What is the effect of NO on glutamate uptake?

A

Goes to pre–synaptic membrane to enhance more release of glutamate

78
Q

What are pseudounipolar neurons used for in body?

A

Sensory neurons/afferent neurons - graded electro potentials

79
Q

Where is the nerve cell body in pseudounipolar neurons?

A

Dorsal root ganglion

80
Q

What are bipolar neurons used for in the body?

A

Sensory receptor or attached to a sensory receptor

81
Q

What are multipolar neurons used for in the body?

A

All neurons in the CNS

82
Q

Where is the nerve cell body of multipolar neurons?

A

Ventral horn of gray H of spinal cord

83
Q

How many neurons make up the somatic nervous system?

A

1 neurons innervating skeletal muscle

84
Q

Many neurons make up the autonomic nervous system?

A

2 neurons innervating heat, smooth muscle & glands

85
Q

What kind of receptors are at neuromuscular junctions?

A

Cholinergic (ACh)

86
Q

Ganglion

A

collection of nerve cell bodies in the PNS

87
Q

What are the sympathetic neurons like?

A 
Short chol (N)pre ggl
Long adren post ggl
88
Q

What are parasympathetic neurons like?

A

Long

89
Q

Where is the ganglion of the sympathetic nervous system?

A

Sympathetic chain ganglion

90
Q

What kind of nervous outflow is the sympathetic system?

A

Thorico-lumbar

91
Q

What kind of outflow is the parasympathetic nervous system?

A

Craniosacral

92
Q

What are parasympathetic neurons like?

A

Long nicotinc, cholinergic pre ggl
Ganglion close to or inside effector organ
Short muscarinic chloinergic post ggl

93
Q

Exceptions to dual innervation?

A

Blood vessels -sympathetic
Sweat glands-sympathetic
Salivary- parasympathetic- water, sympatetic-mucousy

94
Q

Where is the cell body of afferent neurons?

A

Dorsal root ganglion
Meets with interneuron in dorsal horn
pseudounipolar neuron

95
Q

Parts of the spinal cord

A

Central canal w/ ciliated cells & cerebrospinal fluid
Meninges-protect spinal cord
Pia mater- tight to nervous tissue
Dura mater- on inside of vertebral column
Arachnoid tissue- produces cerebrospinal fluid

96
Q

What is different about autonomic v. somatic innervation?

A

Synapses en passant of autonomic

97
Q

What is the difference in somatic & autonomic myelination?

A

Somatic- fast & highly myelinated
Autonomic- slower, lightly myelinated
Post ggl non-myelinated

98
Q

What kind of reception is skeletal muscle innervation?

A

Cholinergic nicotinic

99
Q

What kind of innervation is in the diaphragm

A

Phrenic nerve- somatic nerve to skeletal muscle- 1 voluntary, skeletal muscle

100
Q

Atropine

A

parasympathomimetic antagoist

Blocks Ach at muscarinic receptor so sympathetic predominates

101
Q

Curari

A

Autonomic mimetic antagonis

Blocks nicotinic receptors and all autonomic reception is blocked

102
Q

A1 adrenergic receptors

A

Vasoconstriction, pupil dilation, sphincter contraction

Stimulates phospholipase C & rise in cytoplasmic Ca2+

103
Q

A2 adrenergic receptor

A

Presynaptic inhibitor - negatively feedsback norepi to a2 receptors on presynaptic membrane–>inhibits adenylate cyclase

104
Q

B1 adrenergic receptor

A

Chronotropic & Inotropic effect

105
Q

B2 adrenergic receptor

A

Dilation of lung bronchioles bc of smooth muscle relaxation

106
Q

Alpha receptors respond mostly to?

A

Epinephrine

107
Q

Which receptors respond more to isopreternol AND norepinephrine?

A

B2

108
Q

What effect on pupils does sympathetic innervation have?

A

Dilation

109
Q

What effect on pupils does parasympathetic innervation have?

A

Constriction

110
Q

Lacrimal (tear) glands are innervated by?

A

Parasympathetic innervation?

111
Q

Where is there in a sympathetic cholinergic receptor?

A

Muscarinic, sympathetic receptor in vascular smooth muscle within skeletal muscle
Causes smooth muscle contract & cause vasodilation

112
Q

What is the effect of B2 adrenergic receptor in coronary arteries?

A

Coronary artery dilation

113
Q

Do neurons remain mitotic?

A

No

114
Q

Cerebrum

A

Higher mental functions

115
Q

Central sulcus

A

Front- primary motor cortex, behind-primary sensory cortex

116
Q

Parietal lobe

A

Somatastetic interpretation (touch, pressure, pain, heat), speech & words, texture, shape

117
Q

Occipital lobe

A

Vision

118
Q

Frontal lobe

A

Voluntary motor activity

119
Q

Temporal lobe

A

Sound & visual interpretation

120
Q

Brain stem

A

Pons & medulla

Integration of all input, arousal, cardiovascular & respiratory

121
Q

Cerebellum

A

Muscle tone, balance, posture, coordination & voluntary movement control

122
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Only area without blood brain barrier- senses changes is osmotic pressure

123
Q

Ventromedial hypothalamic nucelus

A

Sensation of fullness

124
Q

Basal neucli

A

Substantial nigra, striatum, elucidum, subthalamus

Important in dopamine reception

125
Q

Transducer

A

Converts one form of energy into another

126
Q

Propioreceptor

A

Recieves body position & movement

127
Q

Tonic receptor

A

Never gains adaption to action potential (pain receptors)

128
Q

Phasic receptor

A

After longer time periods of stimulation, receptor adaptatoin

129
Q

Adaptation v. Habituation

A

Adaptation-PNS phenomenon (decrease receptor potentials)

v. CNS phenomenon- alter synaptic effectiveness(less permeability to Ca2+)

130
Q

Pacinian corpuscle

A

Deep pressure sensation

131
Q

Meissner’s corpuscle

A

dermal papilla- notices change in texture

132
Q

Two point test

A

Only feel different sensation if field has two different afferent receptor fields

133
Q

Lateral inhibition

A

CNS blocks lower stimulations laterally with blunt objects so only greater sensation gets through

134
Q

Where must light go through on the eye?

A

Bend around cornea

Bends through front & back of lens

135
Q

Where does light focus in the eye?

A

Retina

136
Q

What 4 things must occur for proper vision?

A

1.)Refraction of light rays to fovea centralis in retina
2.)Accomodation of lens
Relaxed-stretches out zonal ligaments (distant vision
Contracted- ligaments relaxed & lens focused close
3.)Constriction of pupil
Sympathetic dilation- radial muscle contract to dilate pupil
Parasympathetic constriction-circular muscles contract to constrict pupil
4.) Convergence of Eyes

137
Q

Horizontal cells

A

Recieve input from rods & cones to pass information on to bipolar cells

138
Q

Cones

A

Color reception

139
Q

Rods

A

Visual acquity in dim light

140
Q

3 auditory bones

A

Mallus, incus, stapes

141
Q

Top & bottom chambers of cochlea

A

Scala vestibule, scala tympani

Physio Final (10 decks)

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