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Physio Final > Endocrine > Flashcards

Endocrine Flashcards

1
Q

Exercising skeletal muscles become independent to?

A

Insulin

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2
Q

Trophic hormone

A

Stimulates secretion of another hormone from an endocrine gland

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3
Q

Example of neurohhormone

A

Those secreted from hypothalamus

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4
Q

Effect of atrial natriuretic horomone

A

Promotes exretion of Na+ & water into urine

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5
Q

Which hormones are amines?

A

Try, trp derivatives

Norepi, epi, T4, T3

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6
Q

Peptide hormones?

A

ADH, Oxytocin, Insulin, Glucagon

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7
Q

Protein hormones

A

Prolactin, GH

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8
Q

Glycoprotein horomones

A

FSH, LH, TSH

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9
Q

Steroid hormones

A

Chloesterol derived testosterone, estradiol, progesterone, cortisol

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10
Q

Non-polar hormones

A

T3 & T4, melatonin

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11
Q

What inactivates cAMP

A

Phosphodiesterase

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12
Q

What inhibits phosphodiesterase?

A

Methylzanthines

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13
Q

What is the carrier for thyroid hormone?

A

T4 binds to thyroid globular protein

although T3 is active form

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14
Q

Where do steroid hormones act?

A

At DNA

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15
Q

What must steroid hormones do to cause mRNA transcription?

A

Dimerize with another steroid receptor at the half sites for DNA reception

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16
Q

What do insulin & tyrosine kinase do?

A

Insulin causes dimerization of tyrosine kinase–>autophosphorylation
Leads to translocation of glucose to plasma membrane
ATP needed

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17
Q

What kind of dimerization for thyroid?

A

T3 & RXR (retinoic acid)

Heterodimer

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18
Q

Permissive hormone

A

Action of second hormone when it is increased in activity to first (Estrogen & Progesterone)

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19
Q

Priming effect

A

Upregulation of receptors

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20
Q

Densensitization

A

Down regulation of receptors

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21
Q

What is special about the hypothalamus?

A

No blood-brain barrier

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22
Q

Names for the anterior pituitary

A

Adenohypophysis/ pars distalis

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23
Q

Names for the posterior pituitary

A

Neurohypophysis/pars nervosa

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24
Q

What is the arteriole arrangement in the anterior pituitary?

A

Hypothalamo-hypopohyseal portal system:

2 capillary beds, one arteriole, one venous

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25
Q

Acidophiles

A

Prolactin, GH (Protein hormones)

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26
Q

Basophiles

A

TSH, ACTH, FSH ,LH (Glycoprotein & Steroids)

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27
Q

Control of thyroid

A

Hypothalamus (Thyrotropin RH)
Anterior Pituitary (TSH)
Thyroid –>Thyroxine & Thyroid growth
Thyroxine feeds back to anterior pituitary & Hypothalamus

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28
Q

Neuclei in the hypothalamus for posterior pituitary?

A

Supraoptic

Parventricular

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29
Q

Posterior pituitary hormones

A

Oxytocine & ADH (Peptide horomones)

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30
Q

What are posterior pituitary hormones attached to once they are formed?

A

Neurophysen protein

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31
Q

What system do posterior pituitary hormones travel in:

A

Venous system

32
Q

What is the function of the hypothalamus in relation to ADH

A

Osmoreceptor

33
Q

Where does ADH have effect?

A

Distal & Collecting tubule

34
Q

Oxytocin

A

Intensely stimulate smooth muscle in uterus

Neuroendocrine milk production

35
Q

Growth hormone (GH)

A

Cell division, protein growth, carb & fat utilization, blood glucose

36
Q

What inhibits GH

A

Somatropins

37
Q

Prolactin

A

Promotes milk formation & lactation

38
Q

What inhibits prolactin

A

Dopamine

39
Q

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

A

Stimulates maintenance & secretion of of adrenal cortex

40
Q

What is released from the hypothalamus to stimulate anterior pituitary to stimulate adrenal cortex?

A

CRH (corticotropic releasing hormone)

41
Q

What inhibits ACTH?

A

Glucocorticoids

42
Q

What is contained in thyroid follicles?

A

Colloid/iodinated thyroglobulin

43
Q

What do follicular cells do in the thyroide?

A

Take up iodide in plasma

44
Q

What is created in the thyroid

A

Iodine bound to thyroglobulin in the form of T3 or T4

45
Q

What is the effect of TSH?

A

Stimulate follicle to endocytose & go out of the cell bound to plasma carrier proteins with T3 &T4

46
Q

What is the effect of T3

A

Increase BMR though increasing mitochondria

47
Q

Cretinism

A

Abnormally low growth, tiredness

48
Q

What happens if iodine is inadequate or cell’s can’t react to TSH?

A

Goiter
Low T3 & T4 means no negative feedback
Anterior pituitary will release more TSH & thyroid grows

49
Q

What do parathyroid hormones do?

A

Raise blood Ca2+
Stimulate osetoclasts
Reabsorption of calcium in kidney & gut

50
Q

What is the effect of calcitonin?

A

Inhibit osteoclasts & increased secretion of Ca2+ to cause less Ca2+ in the blood

51
Q

What do parafolllicular cells secrete?

A

Calcitonin

52
Q

What is the effect of the adrenal medulla?

A

Secrete epinephrine mostly to act sympathetically

53
Q

What does epinephrine stimulate?

A

Production of cAMP –>
Glycogen breakdown
Increased glucose for energy
Hormone sensitive lipases to break down TAG

54
Q

What cells in the adrenal medulla secrete catecholamines?

A

Chromaffin

55
Q

Layers of adrenal cortex (outside in)

A

Zona glomerulosa
Zona fasciculata
Zona reticularis

56
Q

Zona glomerulosa

A

Mineralocorticoids

Aldosterone- regulates sodium

57
Q

Zona fasciculata

A

Glucocorticoids

Metabolism, anti-inflamatory, stimulate lipolysis, decrease protein, stimulate gluconeogenesis

58
Q

Main glucocorticoid

A

Cortisol

59
Q

Zona reticularis

A

Androgen hormones

60
Q

What causes use of cortisol?

A

Non-specific stress

61
Q

Where does cortisol feeback to?

A

Hypothalamus& anterior pituitary

62
Q

Beta cells release

A

Insulin

63
Q

Alpha cells release

A

Glucagon

64
Q

Glucagon

A

Increase blood glucose

65
Q

Nervous system requirement of glucose?

A

50% from blood glucose

66
Q

What carriers uptake glucose into glycogen?

A

GLUT 4

67
Q

Where is insulin & glucagon secrete?

A

Pancrease

68
Q

What is secreted from pancreatic duct?

A

Bicarbonate

69
Q

What does glucagon cause breakdown of?

A

Liver glycogen

70
Q

What is the effect of exercise on glucose uptake?

A

Glucose uptake- no insulin

71
Q

What is the effect on insulin independent tissues with too much insulin?

A 
Sorbitol crystals
Neuropathy (QRS complex)
Damage to cardiovascular cells
Kidney nephron damage
Liver
Intestinal mucosa
72
Q

What is melatonin made from?

A

Tryptophan –>serotonin –>melatonin

73
Q

What is the effect of melatonin & light?

A

Increased action potentials due to light decreases melatonin

74
Q

Melatonin

A

Inhibits gonadotropin secretion

Induces sleepiness

75
Q

What neuclei releases melatonin?

A

Suprachiasmatic neucleus in hypothalamus

Physio Final (10 decks)

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