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Physio Final > Endocrine > Flashcards

Endocrine Flashcards

1
Q

Exercising skeletal muscles become independent to?

A

Insulin

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2
Q

Trophic hormone

A

Stimulates secretion of another hormone from an endocrine gland

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3
Q

Example of neurohhormone

A

Those secreted from hypothalamus

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4
Q

Effect of atrial natriuretic horomone

A

Promotes exretion of Na+ & water into urine

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5
Q

Which hormones are amines?

A

Try, trp derivatives

Norepi, epi, T4, T3

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6
Q

Peptide hormones?

A

ADH, Oxytocin, Insulin, Glucagon

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7
Q

Protein hormones

A

Prolactin, GH

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8
Q

Glycoprotein horomones

A

FSH, LH, TSH

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9
Q

Steroid hormones

A

Chloesterol derived testosterone, estradiol, progesterone, cortisol

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10
Q

Non-polar hormones

A

T3 & T4, melatonin

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11
Q

What inactivates cAMP

A

Phosphodiesterase

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12
Q

What inhibits phosphodiesterase?

A

Methylzanthines

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13
Q

What is the carrier for thyroid hormone?

A

T4 binds to thyroid globular protein

although T3 is active form

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14
Q

Where do steroid hormones act?

A

At DNA

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15
Q

What must steroid hormones do to cause mRNA transcription?

A

Dimerize with another steroid receptor at the half sites for DNA reception

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16
Q

What do insulin & tyrosine kinase do?

A

Insulin causes dimerization of tyrosine kinase–>autophosphorylation
Leads to translocation of glucose to plasma membrane
ATP needed

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17
Q

What kind of dimerization for thyroid?

A

T3 & RXR (retinoic acid)

Heterodimer

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18
Q

Permissive hormone

A

Action of second hormone when it is increased in activity to first (Estrogen & Progesterone)

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19
Q

Priming effect

A

Upregulation of receptors

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20
Q

Densensitization

A

Down regulation of receptors

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21
Q

What is special about the hypothalamus?

A

No blood-brain barrier

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22
Q

Names for the anterior pituitary

A

Adenohypophysis/ pars distalis

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23
Q

Names for the posterior pituitary

A

Neurohypophysis/pars nervosa

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24
Q

What is the arteriole arrangement in the anterior pituitary?

A

Hypothalamo-hypopohyseal portal system:

2 capillary beds, one arteriole, one venous

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25
Acidophiles
Prolactin, GH (Protein hormones)
26
Basophiles
TSH, ACTH, FSH ,LH (Glycoprotein & Steroids)
27
Control of thyroid
Hypothalamus (Thyrotropin RH) Anterior Pituitary (TSH) Thyroid -->Thyroxine & Thyroid growth Thyroxine feeds back to anterior pituitary & Hypothalamus
28
Neuclei in the hypothalamus for posterior pituitary?
Supraoptic | Parventricular
29
Posterior pituitary hormones
Oxytocine & ADH (Peptide horomones)
30
What are posterior pituitary hormones attached to once they are formed?
Neurophysen protein
31
What system do posterior pituitary hormones travel in:
Venous system
32
What is the function of the hypothalamus in relation to ADH
Osmoreceptor
33
Where does ADH have effect?
Distal & Collecting tubule
34
Oxytocin
Intensely stimulate smooth muscle in uterus | Neuroendocrine milk production
35
Growth hormone (GH)
Cell division, protein growth, carb & fat utilization, blood glucose
36
What inhibits GH
Somatropins
37
Prolactin
Promotes milk formation & lactation
38
What inhibits prolactin
Dopamine
39
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
Stimulates maintenance & secretion of of adrenal cortex
40
What is released from the hypothalamus to stimulate anterior pituitary to stimulate adrenal cortex?
CRH (corticotropic releasing hormone)
41
What inhibits ACTH?
Glucocorticoids
42
What is contained in thyroid follicles?
Colloid/iodinated thyroglobulin
43
What do follicular cells do in the thyroide?
Take up iodide in plasma
44
What is created in the thyroid
Iodine bound to thyroglobulin in the form of T3 or T4
45
What is the effect of TSH?
Stimulate follicle to endocytose & go out of the cell bound to plasma carrier proteins with T3 &T4
46
What is the effect of T3
Increase BMR though increasing mitochondria
47
Cretinism
Abnormally low growth, tiredness
48
What happens if iodine is inadequate or cell's can't react to TSH?
Goiter Low T3 & T4 means no negative feedback Anterior pituitary will release more TSH & thyroid grows
49
What do parathyroid hormones do?
Raise blood Ca2+ Stimulate osetoclasts Reabsorption of calcium in kidney & gut
50
What is the effect of calcitonin?
Inhibit osteoclasts & increased secretion of Ca2+ to cause less Ca2+ in the blood
51
What do parafolllicular cells secrete?
Calcitonin
52
What is the effect of the adrenal medulla?
Secrete epinephrine mostly to act sympathetically
53
What does epinephrine stimulate?
Production of cAMP --> Glycogen breakdown Increased glucose for energy Hormone sensitive lipases to break down TAG
54
What cells in the adrenal medulla secrete catecholamines?
Chromaffin
55
Layers of adrenal cortex (outside in)
Zona glomerulosa Zona fasciculata Zona reticularis
56
Zona glomerulosa
Mineralocorticoids | Aldosterone- regulates sodium
57
Zona fasciculata
Glucocorticoids | Metabolism, anti-inflamatory, stimulate lipolysis, decrease protein, stimulate gluconeogenesis
58
Main glucocorticoid
Cortisol
59
Zona reticularis
Androgen hormones
60
What causes use of cortisol?
Non-specific stress
61
Where does cortisol feeback to?
Hypothalamus& anterior pituitary
62
Beta cells release
Insulin
63
Alpha cells release
Glucagon
64
Glucagon
Increase blood glucose
65
Nervous system requirement of glucose?
50% from blood glucose
66
What carriers uptake glucose into glycogen?
GLUT 4
67
Where is insulin & glucagon secrete?
Pancrease
68
What is secreted from pancreatic duct?
Bicarbonate
69
What does glucagon cause breakdown of?
Liver glycogen
70
What is the effect of exercise on glucose uptake?
Glucose uptake- no insulin
71
What is the effect on insulin independent tissues with too much insulin?
``` Sorbitol crystals Neuropathy (QRS complex) Damage to cardiovascular cells Kidney nephron damage Liver Intestinal mucosa ```
72
What is melatonin made from?
Tryptophan -->serotonin -->melatonin
73
What is the effect of melatonin & light?
Increased action potentials due to light decreases melatonin
74
Melatonin
Inhibits gonadotropin secretion | Induces sleepiness
75
What neuclei releases melatonin?
Suprachiasmatic neucleus in hypothalamus

Physio Final (10 decks)

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