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Physio > Respiratory-3 > Flashcards

Respiratory-3 Flashcards

1
Q

pao2 refers to

A

o2 dissolved in the plasma BEFORE gas exchange has occurred

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2
Q

how does o2 get from lung alveoli to become dissolved in plasma

A

by diffusion across the alveoli aka gas exchange

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3
Q

the diff between alveolar po2 & pao2 should be

A

5 mmHg

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4
Q

ventilation & perfusion should be

A

the same

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5
Q

low resistance, low pressure pathway

A

pulmonary circuit

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6
Q

blood flow must =

A

airflow

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7
Q

blood vessels feeding poorly ventilated areas of the lung __

A

constrict

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8
Q

blood vessels feeding well ventilated areas of the lung __

A

dilate

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9
Q

when do we see large mismatches of vq ratio

A

pneumonia, emboli, edema

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10
Q

in someone with pulmonary embolism, perfusion is impaired so vq ratio would be __ than 1

A

greater; bc lung better ventilated than they are perfused (perfusion is in denominator so if lowered, # goes up)

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11
Q

over 3 atmospheres of o2 =

A

o2 toxicity

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12
Q

2-3 atmospheres & for a short per of time; treat CO poisoning & anaerobic bacterial infections

A

hyperbaric 02 chamber

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13
Q

we must be conscious to breathe

A

f

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14
Q

respiratory rhythm regulated by

A

neurons in medulla aka rhythmic center

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15
Q

ventral respiratory group controls

A

muscles required for forceful inhalation & exhalation & inhibits the i neurons during exhalation

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16
Q

i neurons

A

activate interneurons that activate spinal motor neurons; assoc w accessory inspiratory muscles

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17
Q

accessory inspiratory muscles are responsible for

A

forced breathing

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18
Q

e neurons

A

inhibit motor neurons of phrenic n. during expiration + activates muscles for forced exhalation

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19
Q

in order to exhale, you have to inhibit the __ during exhalation

A

inspiratory neurons

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20
Q

chemoreceptors are sensitive to changes in

A

ph, pco2, & o2

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21
Q

__ ions stimulate chemoreceptors, but __ is driving the __ production

A

h; co2; h

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22
Q

chemoreceptors function to

A

maintain constant ph, pco2, & po2

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23
Q

peripheral chemo rs located in

A

aortic arch & carotid bodies

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24
Q

central chemo rs located in

A

medulla

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25
Q

stimulated by rise in blood h ions, but occurs as a result of co2 increase; they increase ventilation & respond quickly

A

peripheral chemo rs

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26
Q

normal blood ph

A

7.4

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27
Q

ph below 7.4

A

acidosis

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28
Q

ph above 7.4

A

alkalosis

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29
Q

most common cause of hypercapnia (elevated co2)

A

acidosis

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30
Q

most common cause of hypocapnia (low co2)

A

alkalosis

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31
Q

as H ion levels rise, __ increases

A

ventilation

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32
Q

central & peripheral chemo rs behave the same way except central slower to respond

A

t

33
Q

how do co2 levels get back to normal

A

decreased ventilation -> don’t get rid of enough co2 so increased arterial pco2 -> stimulates peripheral & central chemo rs -> both activate inspiratory center to incr rate & depth of breathing -> helps get ride of co2 -> levels back to norm

34
Q

why does hyperventilating give feeling of passing out?

A

when co2 levels decrease brain thinks ‘too much o2’ so constricts brain vessels hence not enough blood reaching brain

35
Q

hyperventilation solution

A

breathe into bag -> co2 levels rise -> blood vessels to brain dilate -> increased flow to brain

36
Q

better indicator of min-min changes in ventilation

A

co2

37
Q

central chemo rs respond __ only

A

co2

38
Q

peripheral chemo rs respond to __ but only at __

A

o2; o2 levels below 60 mm Hg

39
Q

at what levels of Hg do peripheral chemo rs respond in a major way

A

less than 60 mm hg

40
Q

low o2 __ ventilation

A

increases

41
Q

high o2 __ ventilation

A

inhibits

42
Q

under conditions of low o2, chemo rs are more sensitive to __ as well

A

co2

43
Q

as co2 levels increase, respiratory rate

A

increases (to get rid of co2)

44
Q

all chemo rs in presence of low o2 become MORE sensitive to co2

A

t

45
Q

peripheral chemo rs normally respond to co2 but can also respond to low o2

A

t

46
Q

both central & peripheral chemo rs respond to increases in __ by making you

A

co2; increase rate & depth of breathing

47
Q

most healthy individuals will regulate breathing based on

A

co2 levels

48
Q

individuals with cops always chronically elevated levels of

A

pco2 (because have trouble exhaling/getting rid of co2)

49
Q

give no more than __ of o2

A

3L

50
Q

each Hb can bind __ o2 molecules

A

4

51
Q

how many hb molecules per rbc

A

280 mil

52
Q

when bound to o2 even if 1 site occupied

A

oxyhemoglobin

53
Q

if hb completely unoccupied

A

deoxyhemoglobin

54
Q

where iron at center of heme group has +3 charge rather than +2

A

methemoglobin

55
Q

methemoglobinemea

A

large amount of hb in methemoglobin form

56
Q

all of us have some methemoglobin

A

t

57
Q

iron with +3 charge can’t bind o2

A

t

58
Q

when heme combines with CO (carbon monoxide) & not o2

A

carboxyhemoglobin

59
Q

Hb prefers __ over __

A

CO; o2

60
Q

why is carboxyhemoglobin dangerous?

A

hb won’t carry enough o2 -> can die

61
Q

treatment for carboxyhemoglobin

A

hyperbaric o2 chamber

62
Q

anything that reduced hb amount, reduces __ in major way

A

total blood o2 content (bc most o2 carried on hb)

63
Q

sao2 aka

A

percent hb saturation

64
Q

sao2 indication of

A

oxygenation

65
Q

normal arterial blood is __% saturated hb

A

97%

66
Q

each form of hb has slightly diff color depending on amount of o2 it carries & absorbs light differently

A

t

67
Q

what determines o2 carrying capacity

A

hb concentration

68
Q

what stimulates rbc & hb production

A

HYPOXIA which stimulates epo -> produces rbc’s -> hb rises & ANDROGENS

69
Q

as a result of having higher androgens, males have

A

higher hct & hb

70
Q

when o2 combines with hb aka

A

loading reaction

71
Q

when o2 has released from hb

A

unloading reaction

72
Q

where does loading occur

A

in lungs surrounding capillary alveoli (bc where o2 levels higher)

73
Q

where does unloading occur

A

tissues

74
Q

what dictates whether hb will bind to o2 or not

A

hb levels on environment

75
Q

high po2 favors

A

loading

76
Q

low po2 favors

A

unloading

77
Q

what would happen if affinity of o2 for hb were too strong

A

o2 would not unload to tissues

78
Q

the lower the po2 is, the __ affinity hb has for 02 & the __ it releases

A

less; more

79
Q

why would a person with pneumonia that isn’t so bad still be able to do daily activities?

A

po2 doesn’t fall below 80

Physio (14 decks)

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