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Physio > Cardio Lec 5 > Flashcards

Cardio Lec 5 Flashcards

1
Q

During re-polarization you have to put __ away

A

calcium

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2
Q

How is calcium put away?

A

active transporter puts it back in SR

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3
Q

Muscle cannot relax until __ & why

A

end of plateau phase bc you need to put calcium away

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4
Q

Digitalis

A

used to treat severe heart failure

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5
Q

What does digitalis do

A

inhibits Na/K pump -> Na accumulates in cell

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6
Q

The more calcium

A

the more forceful the contraction bc you get more actin & myosin interactions

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7
Q

What happens when Na accumulates in the cell

A

Na/K EXCHANGER will pump Na out in exchng for Ca in -> heart contracts more forcefully (pos. ionotropic agents)

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8
Q

Positive ionotropic agent

A

drugs that cause a more forceful contraction

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9
Q

Tetanization

A

when muscle stimulated so rapidly that theres no time for it to relax STAYS CONTRACTED -> muscle fatigues quickly bc using available enegy

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10
Q

Is tetanization favorable for cardiac muscle?

A

no -> CO would be 0 bc heart would stay contracted & wouldnt be able to fill AND bc it would fatigue

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11
Q

How does the heart not tetanize?

A

by having long absolute refractory periods heart wouldn’t respond to another stimulus bc wouldn’t be able to fire another action potential

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12
Q

How does tetanization occur?

A

by firing repetitive action potentials

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13
Q

T/F: Perkinje fibers have to spread impulses through ventricular myocytes very RAPIDLY, but if left to pace heart on their own fire action potentials infrequently -> lower hr

A

T

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14
Q

Signal gets delayed at the __, because

A

AV node bc it allows ventricles time to fill

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15
Q

EKG records

A

electrical activity of heart (ALL action potentials of ALL cells of heart)

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16
Q

T/F: EKG measures valve tension

A

F

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17
Q

P wave represents

A

atrial depolarization -> atrial contraction

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18
Q

Is it possible to have another contraction come in prior to relaxation occurring?

A

no

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19
Q

When is absolute refractory period over?

A

after heart has relaxed so you cant tetanize as a result

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20
Q

QRS com

A

ventricular depolarization -> ventricular contraction & atrial repolarization

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21
Q

T wave

A

ventricular repolarization -> relaxation

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22
Q

What do the waves show?

A

electrical activity

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23
Q

You have to ___ before you can contract, & ___ before you can relax

A

depolarize; repolarize

24
Q

SA node spreads the wave of ___ through the atria

A

depolarization (causes P wave)

25
Q

If P wave is missing, indicates

A

no SA node activity bc SA node sends wave of depolarization

26
Q

PVC’s on their own are not problematic

A

T

27
Q

In ventricular fibrillation heart has no

A

coordinated depolarization & no ventricular output

28
Q

Heart block

A

missing qrs complexes & t-waves so AV node blocked in some instances

29
Q

When does the AV valve close

A

beginning of ventricular systole/contraction

30
Q

In an EKG when do you heart 1st heart sound

A

peak of R wave (where ventricular contraction begins)

31
Q

In an EKG when do you heart 2nd heart sound

A

when semilunar valves close (when ventricular repolarization/relaxation begins) shortly after T wave

32
Q

Bradycardia

A

hr < 60 bpm

33
Q

Is a hr < 60 bpm always abnormal?

A

no; norm in athletes or if in good shape

34
Q

Tachycardia

A

PERSISTENT hr > 100 bpm at rest

35
Q

Is tachycardia always abnormal?

A

no; if doing exercise its norm

36
Q

Tachycardia can result in an

A

ectopic foci

37
Q

If tachycardia originates in atria, called

A

supraventricular (SVT) MOST ARE BENIGN

38
Q

If tachycardia originates in ventricles, called

A

(V Tach) BAD ONES

39
Q

Flutter means

A

really fast beats but contraction is coordinated so blood being mobilized

40
Q

Fibrillation

A

no mobilization, no coordinated contraction, no blood mvmnt (heart quivers)

41
Q

V-fib

A

FATAL due to circus movements (reentry)

42
Q

A-fib

A

not immediately threatening bc ventricles receive most blood vol in absence of contraction -> predisposition to clots bc blood sits stagnant in walls of atria

43
Q

Atrial flutters turns quickly to

A

A-fib

44
Q

Defibrillation

A

can revert v-fib; depolarizes all cells at same time (resets) -> buys time

45
Q

Cardiac output refers to

A

vol of blood pumped per min by each ventricle

46
Q

Cardiac output =

A

SV x HR

47
Q

Stroke vol refers to

A

amount of blood ejected in one beat

48
Q

HR refers to

A

of beats per min

49
Q

Avg HR

A

70 bpm

50
Q

Avg SV

A

70 mls x beat

51
Q

Avg CO

A

5L/min

52
Q

If cardiac demands go up ->

A

hr incr -> contractile force incr -> SV incr -> CO incr

53
Q

Cardiac reserve

A

COmax - COrest

54
Q

How much cardiac reserve do people with severe heart disease have?

A

little to none

55
Q

What the heart kicks the into high gear

A

SNS

Physio (14 decks)

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