Respiratory-2 Flashcards
airflow obstruction through bronchioles aka
asthma
in most cases of asthma there is an inflammatory component
t
chronic inflammatory disorder
allergic asthma
allergic asthma involves
IgE, prostoglandid, & leukotriene production & mast cell responses
cold or dry air will worsen asthma
t (bc will cause bronchioconstriction)
asthma recommendations
inhaled corticosteroid & rescue inhaler
alveolar tissue destruction aka
emphysema
emphysema: will have __, but __ alveoli
fewer; larger
most common cause of emphysema
smoking (promotes inflammation)
individuals w/ emphysema who never smoked -> caused by
lack of alpha1 antitrypsin (genetic factor)
what happens to alveoli in emphysema
alveolar wall breakdown -> reduction in alveolar SA -> reduced ability for gas exchange -> bronchioles in airway thin due to tissue destruction -> bronchioles collapse during exhalation
alpha1 antitrypsin protective against
immune mediated protease destruction
emphysema is a type of
copd
asthma is purely obstructive
f
both emphysema & asthma associated w
accelerated decline in FEV1
asthma is __ w albuterol & __ due to use of inhaler or getting away from allergen -> FEV1 levels back to normal
reversible; transient
except in __ asthma
chronic
hyper-responsive airway (airway sensitive to inflammatory mediators) characteristic of
asthma
asthma exhibits characteristics of obstructive disorders but is NOT purely obstructive
t
emphysema mechanism
inflammatory response -> macrophages, neutrophils & cytotoxic t cells respond to TISSUE INJURY -> t cells destroy your own lung tissue
chronic bronchitis is often
precursor for emphysema
quitting smoking once copd has started reverses process
f; but stops further worsening
copd increased risk for
pulmonary embolism & heart failure
pulmonary htn w/ r. ventricular hypertrophy & eventually heart failure aka
cor pulmonale
copd 5th leading cause of death in america
t
physical symptom of copd patient
barrel chest due to trapping of air bc of big residual vol
functional lung tissue replaced by fibrous connective tissue aka
pulmonary fibrosis
in pulmonary fibrosis, recoil __; compliance __
enhanced; reduced
pulmonary fibrosis can result from
inhalation of small particles (coal miners)
sum of pressures each gas exerts independently aka
total pressure
atmospheric pressure lower at high altitudes, so po2 ->
also lower
po2 in alveoli equilibrates with
blood; dictates how much blood your o2 is able to carry
diffusion occurs __ between alveoli & blood
rapidly
equilibration between air & alveoli depends on
solubility of gas in fluid (constant), temp (constant) & PARTIAL PRESS OF GAS *MAIN DETERMINANT
the higher the po2 in alveoli, the __ in the blood because they __
higher; equilibrate
pao2 refers only to the measurement of
o2 dissolved in plasma
pao2 doesn’t tell you much about
total o2 content in blood
pao2 tells you about
ability to exchange gases across airway
what determines pao2?
the diffusion across the alveoli
bulk of o2 bound to
hb
pao2 is a direct reflexion of the
ability to exchange gases across alveoli
what diseases would cause the pao2 to be reduced?
pneumonia or emphysema or ANYTHING WITH A DEFECT IN LUNG FUNCTION
with proper lung function, alveolar & arterial pao2 differ only by
5 mm Hg
if patient with normal lung function is put on o2 what will happen to total blood o2 content
wont change much bc will increase pao2 bc will force more to be dissolved in plasma not hb
In person w pneumonia or emphysema pao2 reduced so hb saturation greatly reduced & amount of total blood o2 content lower than should be
t
what must happen to blood for it to be delivered
it must come off hb & exist dissolved in plasma
arterial (pulmonary vein) values are good indicator of
lung function bc tells you about ability to exchange gases
