Respiratory-1 Flashcards
1
Q
where does gas exchange occur
A
alveoli
2
Q
where does gas exchange occur
A
alveoli
3
Q
as a result of alveolar cells being flat & tiny & having them share a basement membrane ->
A
barrier for diffusion is kept minimal
4
Q
majority of alveolar cells are type
A
1
5
Q
cells that secrete surfactant, & reabsorb sodium & water are type
A
2
6
Q
purpose of alveoli containing pores
A
to allow air passage among alveoli in sac
7
Q
location of alveoli clusters/sacs
A
at ends of respiratory bronchioles
8
Q
thin air tubes at ends of respiratory bronchioles
A
alveoli sacs/clusters
9
Q
alveoli contain individual alveoli as out-pouchings along length
A
t
10
Q
respiratory tree:
A
terminal bronchioles -> respiratory bronchioles -> alveoli -> alveoli clusters
11
Q
gas exchange only occurs in areas with
A
alveoli
12
Q
respiratory zone
A
region where gas exchange occurs (respiratory bronchioles, alveolar sacs, alveoli)
13
Q
conducting zone
A
structures that carry air to respiratory zone; warming & humidifying of air, filters particles
14
Q
mucociliary escalator
A
traps inhaled particles that would find way into alveoli & cause problems w/ gas exchange
15
Q
macrophages deal with particles
A
LESS THAN 6 uM
16
Q
trachea is __ to esophagus
A
anterior
17
Q
cartilaginous rings of trachea important for
A
keeping airway open so it doesn’t collapse
18
Q
diaphragm shape at rest
A
dome
19
Q
diaphragm shape at contraction
A
flat
20
Q
parietal pleura
A
lines cavity
21
Q
visceral pleura
A
covers lungs
22
Q
pleural cavity
A
potential space between membranes
23
Q
thin layer of fluid secreted by
A
parietal pleura
24
Q
for air to enter lungs, atmospheric pressure must be __ than intrapulmonary pressure
A
greater
25
for air to leave lungs, atmospheric pressure must be __ than intrapulmonary pressure
less
26
what allows changes in atmospheric & intrapulmonary pressures
changes in vol of thoracic cavity
27
breathe in ->
diaphragm contracts (flattens) -> vol increases -> ribs swing up & out -> further increased vol in thoracic cav -> pressure gets below atmospheric -> air ENTERS
28
breathing is a __ process
passive
29
breathe out ->
diaphragm relaxes (dome shape) -> structures of thoracic cage recoil -> decreased vol of thoracic cav -> pressure rises above atmospheric -> air OUT
30
does resting exhalation require energy?
no (passive)
31
does resting inhalation require energy?
yes (to contract intercostals & diaphragm)
32
forced inhalation is the same as resting inhalation, it just required more muscles to further expand vol of thoracic cav to really reduce pressure & have air come in more forcefully
t
33
the more resistance to air flow, the more
difficult to get air in to or out of lungs
34
__ must be rigid to protect organs, yet distensible for breathing
thorax
35
atmospheric > intrapulmonary
inhalation (resting)
36
what is needed during forced inhalation other than more muscles?
negative intra-pleural pressure: visceral pleura clings to lungs, parietal pleura clings to ribs -> aids in lung expansion
37
what would happen if intra-pleural pressure is not < intrapulmonary pressure?
lung collapse
38
intrapulmonary > atmospheric
exhalation (resting)
39
pressure difference across wall of lung aka
transpulmonary pressure
40
intrapleural always has to be __ than intrapulmonary
41
ease of expansion
aka compliance
42
a compliant lung
expands easily
43
a noncompliant lung
does not expand easily & need to add a lot of pressure
44
factors that reduce compliance
pulmonary fibrosis & a positive intrapleural pressure
45
ability to return to original size after distension aka
elasticity
46
compliance important for
inhaling
47
elasticity important for
fully exhaling
48
when air enters into intrapleural space known as a
pneumothorax (lung cannot expand & will collapse)
49
surface tension refers to
water molecules liking to stick to each other (thin layer)
50
surface tension important for
gas exchange
51
each alveoli has low amount of fluid
t
52
why is surface tension problematic?
water molecules like to stick to each other so when you exhale & alveoli get smaller, water molecules create more force & it becomes difficult for alveoli to reinflate
53
what guards against the problem of surface tension?
surfactant produced by TYPE 2 alveolar cells
54
surfactant production occurs late in fetal life
t
55
surfactant is a
soapy film that reduces h bonds between water molecules to reduce surface tension, making it easy for lungs to reinflate
56
pulmonary function test that measures lung vol & detects lung disorders
spirometry
57
resting inhalation & exhalation
tidal vol
58
amount you can inhale over norm tidal inhalation
inspiratory reserve vol
59
amount you can exhale over norm tidal exhalation
expiratory reserve vol
60
amount you cannot get out of lungs no matter what
risidual vol
61
what remains in your lungs after a norm tidal exhalation
functional risidual capacity
62
tidal vol + erv + irv
vital capacity
63
vital capacity + residual vol
total lung capacity
64
capacities =
sum of 2 or more lung vol's
65
tv x respirations/min =
total min vol or min resp vol
66
total min vol is about
6L/min (at rest)
67
not all inspired air reaches alveoli b/c some required to fill conducting division. this refers to
anatomical dead space
68
can anatomical dead space be used for gas exchange?
no
69
anatomical dead space + non-exchanging area of respiratory division refers to
physiological dead space
70
anatomical & physiological dead spaces are __ in a healthy individual
identical
71
restrictive disorders are when
lungs are stiffened; compliance greatly reduced
72
pulmonary fibrosis is a __ disorder
restrictive
73
obstructive disorders are when
recoil & exhalation are affected
74
COPD, emphysema & asthma are __ disorders
obstructive
75
in restrictive disorders, vital capacity & compliance are __, exhalation vol is __; FEV1 is __
reduced; ok; norm/elevated
76
in obstructive disorders, vital capacity is; FEV1 is __
normal; reduced
77
FEV means
forced expiratory vol
78
FEV1 means
amount out in 1 sec
79
FVC means
as much air in as possible
80
in a healthy individual, FEV1 is
80% of what was taken in
81
FEV1/FVC ratio < 80% indicative of
obstructive disease
82
FEV1/FVC ratio > 80% indicative of
restrictive disorder (bc recoil is great, vol will be low, normally 90% of what got in)
83
as a result of alveolar cells being flat & tiny & having them share a basement membrane ->
barrier for diffusion is kept minimal
84
majority of alveolar cells are type
1
85
cells that secrete surfactant, & reabsorb sodium & water are type
2
86
purpose of alveoli containing pores
to allow air passage among alveoli in sac
87
location of alveoli clusters/sacs
at ends of respiratory bronchioles
88
thin air tubes at ends of respiratory bronchioles
alveoli sacs/clusters
89
alveoli contain individual alveoli as out-pouchings along length
t
90
respiratory tree:
terminal bronchioles -> respiratory bronchioles -> alveoli -> alveoli clusters
91
gas exchange only occurs in areas with
alveoli
92
respiratory zone
region where gas exchange occurs (respiratory bronchioles, alveolar sacs, alveoli)
93
conducting zone
structures that carry air to respiratory zone; warming & humidifying of air, filters particles
94
mucociliary escalator
traps inhaled particles that would find way into alveoli & cause problems w/ gas exchange
95
macrophages deal with particles
LESS THAN 6 uM
96
trachea is __ to esophagus
anterior
97
cartilaginous rings of trachea important for
keeping airway open so it doesn't collapse
98
diaphragm shape at rest
dome
99
diaphragm shape at contraction
flat
100
parietal pleura
lines cavity
101
visceral pleura
covers lungs
102
pleural cavity
potential space between membranes
103
thin layer of fluid secreted by
parietal pleura
104
for air to enter lungs, atmospheric pressure must be __ than intrapulmonary pressure
greater
105
for air to leave lungs, atmospheric pressure must be __ than intrapulmonary pressure
less
106
what allows changes in atmospheric & intrapulmonary pressures
changes in vol of thoracic cavity
107
breathe in ->
diaphragm contracts (flattens) -> vol increases -> ribs swing up & out -> further increased vol in thoracic cav -> pressure gets below atmospheric -> air ENTERS
108
breathing is a __ process
passive
109
breathe out ->
diaphragm relaxes (dome shape) -> structures of thoracic cage recoil -> decreased vol of thoracic cav -> pressure rises above atmospheric -> air OUT
110
does resting exhalation require energy?
no (passive)
111
does resting inhalation require energy?
yes (to contract intercostals & diaphragm)
112
forced inhalation is the same as resting inhalation, it just required more muscles to further expand vol of thoracic cav to really reduce pressure & have air come in more forcefully
t
113
the more resistance to air flow, the more
difficult to get air in to or out of lungs
114
__ must be rigid to protect organs, yet distensible for breathing
thorax
115
atmospheric > intrapulmonary
inhalation (resting)
116
what is needed during forced inhalation other than more muscles?
negative intra-pleural pressure: visceral pleura clings to lungs, parietal pleura clings to ribs -> aids in lung expansion
117
what would happen if intra-pleural pressure is not < intrapulmonary pressure?
lung collapse
118
intrapulmonary > atmospheric
exhalation (resting)
119
pressure difference across wall of lung aka
transpulmonary pressure
120
intrapleural always has to be __ than intrapulmonary
less than
121
ease of expansion
aka compliance
122
a compliant lung
expands easily
123
a noncompliant lung
does not expand easily & need to add a lot of pressure
124
factors that reduce compliance
pulmonary fibrosis & a positive intrapleural pressure
125
ability to return to original size after distension aka
elasticity
126
compliance important for
inhaling
127
elasticity important for
fully exhaling
128
when air enters into intrapleural space known as a
pneumothorax (lung cannot expand & will collapse)
129
surface tension refers to
water molecules liking to stick to each other (thin layer)
130
surface tension important for
gas exchange
131
each alveoli has low amount of fluid
t
132
why is surface tension problematic?
water molecules like to stick to each other so when you exhale & alveoli get smaller, water molecules create more force & it becomes difficult for alveoli to reinflate
133
what guards against the problem of surface tension?
surfactant produced by TYPE 2 alveolar cells
134
surfactant production occurs late in fetal life
t
135
surfactant is a
soapy film that reduces h bonds between water molecules to reduce surface tension, making it easy for lungs to reinflate
136
pulmonary function test that measures lung vol & detects lung disorders
spirometry
137
resting inhalation & exhalation
tidal vol
138
amount you can inhale over norm tidal inhalation
inspiratory reserve vol
139
amount you can exhale over norm tidal exhalation
expiratory reserve vol
140
amount you cannot get out of lungs no matter what
risidual vol
141
what remains in your lungs after a norm tidal exhalation
functional risidual capacity
142
tidal vol + erv + irv
vital capacity
143
vital capacity + residual vol
total lung capacity
144
capacities =
sum of 2 or more lung vol's
145
tv x respirations/min =
total min vol or min resp vol
146
total min vol is about
6L/min (at rest)
147
not all inspired air reaches alveoli b/c some required to fill conducting division. this refers to
anatomical dead space
148
can anatomical dead space be used for gas exchange?
no
149
anatomical dead space + non-exchanging area of respiratory division refers to
physiological dead space
150
anatomical & physiological dead spaces are __ in a healthy individual
identical
151
restrictive disorders are when
lungs are stiffened; compliance greatly reduced
152
pulmonary fibrosis is a __ disorder
restrictive
153
obstructive disorders are when
recoil & exhalation are affected
154
COPD, emphysema & asthma are __ disorders
obstructive
155
in restrictive disorders, vital capacity & compliance are __, exhalation vol is __; FEV1 is __
reduced; ok; norm/elevated
156
in obstructive disorders, vital capacity is; FEV1 is __
normal; reduced
157
FEV means
forced expiratory vol
158
FEV1 means
amount out in 1 sec
159
FVC means
as much air in as possible
160
in a healthy individual, FEV1 is
80% of what was taken in
161
FEV1/FVC ratio < 80% indicative of
obstructive disease
162
FEV1/FVC ratio > 80% indicative of
restrictive disorder (bc recoil is great, vol will be low, normally 90% of what got in)
