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Physio > Respiratory-1 > Flashcards

Respiratory-1 Flashcards

1
Q

where does gas exchange occur

A

alveoli

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2
Q

where does gas exchange occur

A

alveoli

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3
Q

as a result of alveolar cells being flat & tiny & having them share a basement membrane ->

A

barrier for diffusion is kept minimal

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4
Q

majority of alveolar cells are type

A

1

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5
Q

cells that secrete surfactant, & reabsorb sodium & water are type

A

2

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6
Q

purpose of alveoli containing pores

A

to allow air passage among alveoli in sac

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7
Q

location of alveoli clusters/sacs

A

at ends of respiratory bronchioles

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8
Q

thin air tubes at ends of respiratory bronchioles

A

alveoli sacs/clusters

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9
Q

alveoli contain individual alveoli as out-pouchings along length

A

t

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10
Q

respiratory tree:

A

terminal bronchioles -> respiratory bronchioles -> alveoli -> alveoli clusters

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11
Q

gas exchange only occurs in areas with

A

alveoli

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12
Q

respiratory zone

A

region where gas exchange occurs (respiratory bronchioles, alveolar sacs, alveoli)

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13
Q

conducting zone

A

structures that carry air to respiratory zone; warming & humidifying of air, filters particles

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14
Q

mucociliary escalator

A

traps inhaled particles that would find way into alveoli & cause problems w/ gas exchange

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15
Q

macrophages deal with particles

A

LESS THAN 6 uM

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16
Q

trachea is __ to esophagus

A

anterior

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17
Q

cartilaginous rings of trachea important for

A

keeping airway open so it doesn’t collapse

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18
Q

diaphragm shape at rest

A

dome

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19
Q

diaphragm shape at contraction

A

flat

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20
Q

parietal pleura

A

lines cavity

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21
Q

visceral pleura

A

covers lungs

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22
Q

pleural cavity

A

potential space between membranes

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23
Q

thin layer of fluid secreted by

A

parietal pleura

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24
Q

for air to enter lungs, atmospheric pressure must be __ than intrapulmonary pressure

A

greater

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25
Q

for air to leave lungs, atmospheric pressure must be __ than intrapulmonary pressure

A

less

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26
Q

what allows changes in atmospheric & intrapulmonary pressures

A

changes in vol of thoracic cavity

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27
Q

breathe in ->

A

diaphragm contracts (flattens) -> vol increases -> ribs swing up & out -> further increased vol in thoracic cav -> pressure gets below atmospheric -> air ENTERS

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28
Q

breathing is a __ process

A

passive

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29
Q

breathe out ->

A

diaphragm relaxes (dome shape) -> structures of thoracic cage recoil -> decreased vol of thoracic cav -> pressure rises above atmospheric -> air OUT

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30
Q

does resting exhalation require energy?

A

no (passive)

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31
Q

does resting inhalation require energy?

A

yes (to contract intercostals & diaphragm)

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32
Q

forced inhalation is the same as resting inhalation, it just required more muscles to further expand vol of thoracic cav to really reduce pressure & have air come in more forcefully

A

t

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33
Q

the more resistance to air flow, the more

A

difficult to get air in to or out of lungs

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34
Q

__ must be rigid to protect organs, yet distensible for breathing

A

thorax

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35
Q

atmospheric > intrapulmonary

A

inhalation (resting)

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36
Q

what is needed during forced inhalation other than more muscles?

A

negative intra-pleural pressure: visceral pleura clings to lungs, parietal pleura clings to ribs -> aids in lung expansion

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37
Q

what would happen if intra-pleural pressure is not < intrapulmonary pressure?

A

lung collapse

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38
Q

intrapulmonary > atmospheric

A

exhalation (resting)

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39
Q

pressure difference across wall of lung aka

A

transpulmonary pressure

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40
Q

intrapleural always has to be __ than intrapulmonary

A
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41
Q

ease of expansion

A

aka compliance

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42
Q

a compliant lung

A

expands easily

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43
Q

a noncompliant lung

A

does not expand easily & need to add a lot of pressure

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44
Q

factors that reduce compliance

A

pulmonary fibrosis & a positive intrapleural pressure

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45
Q

ability to return to original size after distension aka

A

elasticity

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46
Q

compliance important for

A

inhaling

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47
Q

elasticity important for

A

fully exhaling

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48
Q

when air enters into intrapleural space known as a

A

pneumothorax (lung cannot expand & will collapse)

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49
Q

surface tension refers to

A

water molecules liking to stick to each other (thin layer)

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50
Q

surface tension important for

A

gas exchange

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51
Q

each alveoli has low amount of fluid

A

t

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52
Q

why is surface tension problematic?

A

water molecules like to stick to each other so when you exhale & alveoli get smaller, water molecules create more force & it becomes difficult for alveoli to reinflate

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53
Q

what guards against the problem of surface tension?

A

surfactant produced by TYPE 2 alveolar cells

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54
Q

surfactant production occurs late in fetal life

A

t

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55
Q

surfactant is a

A

soapy film that reduces h bonds between water molecules to reduce surface tension, making it easy for lungs to reinflate

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56
Q

pulmonary function test that measures lung vol & detects lung disorders

A

spirometry

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57
Q

resting inhalation & exhalation

A

tidal vol

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58
Q

amount you can inhale over norm tidal inhalation

A

inspiratory reserve vol

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59
Q

amount you can exhale over norm tidal exhalation

A

expiratory reserve vol

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60
Q

amount you cannot get out of lungs no matter what

A

risidual vol

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61
Q

what remains in your lungs after a norm tidal exhalation

A

functional risidual capacity

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62
Q

tidal vol + erv + irv

A

vital capacity

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63
Q

vital capacity + residual vol

A

total lung capacity

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64
Q

capacities =

A

sum of 2 or more lung vol’s

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65
Q

tv x respirations/min =

A

total min vol or min resp vol

66
Q

total min vol is about

A

6L/min (at rest)

67
Q

not all inspired air reaches alveoli b/c some required to fill conducting division. this refers to

A

anatomical dead space

68
Q

can anatomical dead space be used for gas exchange?

A

no

69
Q

anatomical dead space + non-exchanging area of respiratory division refers to

A

physiological dead space

70
Q

anatomical & physiological dead spaces are __ in a healthy individual

A

identical

71
Q

restrictive disorders are when

A

lungs are stiffened; compliance greatly reduced

72
Q

pulmonary fibrosis is a __ disorder

A

restrictive

73
Q

obstructive disorders are when

A

recoil & exhalation are affected

74
Q

COPD, emphysema & asthma are __ disorders

A

obstructive

75
Q

in restrictive disorders, vital capacity & compliance are __, exhalation vol is __; FEV1 is __

A

reduced; ok; norm/elevated

76
Q

in obstructive disorders, vital capacity is; FEV1 is __

A

normal; reduced

77
Q

FEV means

A

forced expiratory vol

78
Q

FEV1 means

A

amount out in 1 sec

79
Q

FVC means

A

as much air in as possible

80
Q

in a healthy individual, FEV1 is

A

80% of what was taken in

81
Q

FEV1/FVC ratio < 80% indicative of

A

obstructive disease

82
Q

FEV1/FVC ratio > 80% indicative of

A

restrictive disorder (bc recoil is great, vol will be low, normally 90% of what got in)

83
Q

as a result of alveolar cells being flat & tiny & having them share a basement membrane ->

A

barrier for diffusion is kept minimal

84
Q

majority of alveolar cells are type

A

1

85
Q

cells that secrete surfactant, & reabsorb sodium & water are type

A

2

86
Q

purpose of alveoli containing pores

A

to allow air passage among alveoli in sac

87
Q

location of alveoli clusters/sacs

A

at ends of respiratory bronchioles

88
Q

thin air tubes at ends of respiratory bronchioles

A

alveoli sacs/clusters

89
Q

alveoli contain individual alveoli as out-pouchings along length

A

t

90
Q

respiratory tree:

A

terminal bronchioles -> respiratory bronchioles -> alveoli -> alveoli clusters

91
Q

gas exchange only occurs in areas with

A

alveoli

92
Q

respiratory zone

A

region where gas exchange occurs (respiratory bronchioles, alveolar sacs, alveoli)

93
Q

conducting zone

A

structures that carry air to respiratory zone; warming & humidifying of air, filters particles

94
Q

mucociliary escalator

A

traps inhaled particles that would find way into alveoli & cause problems w/ gas exchange

95
Q

macrophages deal with particles

A

LESS THAN 6 uM

96
Q

trachea is __ to esophagus

A

anterior

97
Q

cartilaginous rings of trachea important for

A

keeping airway open so it doesn’t collapse

98
Q

diaphragm shape at rest

A

dome

99
Q

diaphragm shape at contraction

A

flat

100
Q

parietal pleura

A

lines cavity

101
Q

visceral pleura

A

covers lungs

102
Q

pleural cavity

A

potential space between membranes

103
Q

thin layer of fluid secreted by

A

parietal pleura

104
Q

for air to enter lungs, atmospheric pressure must be __ than intrapulmonary pressure

A

greater

105
Q

for air to leave lungs, atmospheric pressure must be __ than intrapulmonary pressure

A

less

106
Q

what allows changes in atmospheric & intrapulmonary pressures

A

changes in vol of thoracic cavity

107
Q

breathe in ->

A

diaphragm contracts (flattens) -> vol increases -> ribs swing up & out -> further increased vol in thoracic cav -> pressure gets below atmospheric -> air ENTERS

108
Q

breathing is a __ process

A

passive

109
Q

breathe out ->

A

diaphragm relaxes (dome shape) -> structures of thoracic cage recoil -> decreased vol of thoracic cav -> pressure rises above atmospheric -> air OUT

110
Q

does resting exhalation require energy?

A

no (passive)

111
Q

does resting inhalation require energy?

A

yes (to contract intercostals & diaphragm)

112
Q

forced inhalation is the same as resting inhalation, it just required more muscles to further expand vol of thoracic cav to really reduce pressure & have air come in more forcefully

A

t

113
Q

the more resistance to air flow, the more

A

difficult to get air in to or out of lungs

114
Q

__ must be rigid to protect organs, yet distensible for breathing

A

thorax

115
Q

atmospheric > intrapulmonary

A

inhalation (resting)

116
Q

what is needed during forced inhalation other than more muscles?

A

negative intra-pleural pressure: visceral pleura clings to lungs, parietal pleura clings to ribs -> aids in lung expansion

117
Q

what would happen if intra-pleural pressure is not < intrapulmonary pressure?

A

lung collapse

118
Q

intrapulmonary > atmospheric

A

exhalation (resting)

119
Q

pressure difference across wall of lung aka

A

transpulmonary pressure

120
Q

intrapleural always has to be __ than intrapulmonary

A

less than

121
Q

ease of expansion

A

aka compliance

122
Q

a compliant lung

A

expands easily

123
Q

a noncompliant lung

A

does not expand easily & need to add a lot of pressure

124
Q

factors that reduce compliance

A

pulmonary fibrosis & a positive intrapleural pressure

125
Q

ability to return to original size after distension aka

A

elasticity

126
Q

compliance important for

A

inhaling

127
Q

elasticity important for

A

fully exhaling

128
Q

when air enters into intrapleural space known as a

A

pneumothorax (lung cannot expand & will collapse)

129
Q

surface tension refers to

A

water molecules liking to stick to each other (thin layer)

130
Q

surface tension important for

A

gas exchange

131
Q

each alveoli has low amount of fluid

A

t

132
Q

why is surface tension problematic?

A

water molecules like to stick to each other so when you exhale & alveoli get smaller, water molecules create more force & it becomes difficult for alveoli to reinflate

133
Q

what guards against the problem of surface tension?

A

surfactant produced by TYPE 2 alveolar cells

134
Q

surfactant production occurs late in fetal life

A

t

135
Q

surfactant is a

A

soapy film that reduces h bonds between water molecules to reduce surface tension, making it easy for lungs to reinflate

136
Q

pulmonary function test that measures lung vol & detects lung disorders

A

spirometry

137
Q

resting inhalation & exhalation

A

tidal vol

138
Q

amount you can inhale over norm tidal inhalation

A

inspiratory reserve vol

139
Q

amount you can exhale over norm tidal exhalation

A

expiratory reserve vol

140
Q

amount you cannot get out of lungs no matter what

A

risidual vol

141
Q

what remains in your lungs after a norm tidal exhalation

A

functional risidual capacity

142
Q

tidal vol + erv + irv

A

vital capacity

143
Q

vital capacity + residual vol

A

total lung capacity

144
Q

capacities =

A

sum of 2 or more lung vol’s

145
Q

tv x respirations/min =

A

total min vol or min resp vol

146
Q

total min vol is about

A

6L/min (at rest)

147
Q

not all inspired air reaches alveoli b/c some required to fill conducting division. this refers to

A

anatomical dead space

148
Q

can anatomical dead space be used for gas exchange?

A

no

149
Q

anatomical dead space + non-exchanging area of respiratory division refers to

A

physiological dead space

150
Q

anatomical & physiological dead spaces are __ in a healthy individual

A

identical

151
Q

restrictive disorders are when

A

lungs are stiffened; compliance greatly reduced

152
Q

pulmonary fibrosis is a __ disorder

A

restrictive

153
Q

obstructive disorders are when

A

recoil & exhalation are affected

154
Q

COPD, emphysema & asthma are __ disorders

A

obstructive

155
Q

in restrictive disorders, vital capacity & compliance are __, exhalation vol is __; FEV1 is __

A

reduced; ok; norm/elevated

156
Q

in obstructive disorders, vital capacity is; FEV1 is __

A

normal; reduced

157
Q

FEV means

A

forced expiratory vol

158
Q

FEV1 means

A

amount out in 1 sec

159
Q

FVC means

A

as much air in as possible

160
Q

in a healthy individual, FEV1 is

A

80% of what was taken in

161
Q

FEV1/FVC ratio < 80% indicative of

A

obstructive disease

162
Q

FEV1/FVC ratio > 80% indicative of

A

restrictive disorder (bc recoil is great, vol will be low, normally 90% of what got in)

Physio (14 decks)

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