respIratory

Question 1

what is ventilation

Answer 1

ability to move air in and out of the lungs via a pressure gradient

Question 2

what is respiration

Answer 2

gas exchange that supplies oxygen to the blood and body tissues while removing carbon dioxide

Question 3

what is a persistent, dry cough associated with

Answer 3

allergies (hypersensitive airways)
congestion
sometimes a tumor

Question 4

what is a productive cough associated with?

Answer 4

with purulent sputum - infection
nonpurulent sputum - airway irritation

Question 5

what is hemoptysis? what is it associated with?

Answer 5

blood in the cough
infection, inflammation, abscess, tumor or infarction

Question 6

what is dyspnea? what about orthopnea?

Answer 6

dys - shortness of breath usually indicating hypoxemia

orthop - dyspnea when lying down

Question 7

what may contribute to dyspnea

Answer 7

increased work of breathing
respiratory muscle fatigue
increased systemic metabolic demands
decreased respiratory reserve capacity

Question 8

what is COPD defined as? what are the types?

Answer 8

chronic airflow limitation that is not fully reversible

chronic bronchitis
obstructive bronchitis
emphysema

Question 9

what is chronic bronchitis

Answer 9

productive cough lasting for at least 3 months per year for 2 consecutive years

characterized by inflammation and scarring of the bronchial lining

Question 10

what are symptoms of chronic bronchitis

Answer 10

wheezing and subsequent cough due to thick sputum obstructing airways

Question 11

what is emphysema

Answer 11

accumulation of air in tissues due to the destruction of elastin proteins in the lungs – leads to collapse of the bronchioles

Question 12

what are the effective treatments of COPD

Answer 12

cessation of smoking
medications
airway clearance
exercise
avoiding irritants
dietary management

Question 13

what is athsma

Answer 13

reversible obstructive lung disease characterized by inflammation and increased smooth muscle reaction of the airways to various stimuli

Question 14

what are sensations associated with asthma attacks

Answer 14

chest constriction
inspiratory/expiratory wheezing
nonproductive coughing
prolonged expiration
tachycardia / tachypnea

Question 15

how is asthma treated?

Answer 15

physically = classic sitting, squatting position to reduce venous return and leaning forward to use accessory aspiration muscles

medically = bronchodilator therapy and possible use of anti-inflammatory agents such as corticosteroids

Question 16

what is tuberculosis

Answer 16

infectious, inflammatory systemic disease that affects the lungs and may disseminate to involve lymph nodes or other organs

Question 17

what causes the TB infection

Answer 17

mycobacterium tuberculosis
characterized by granulomas, caseous necrosis and subsequent cavity formation

Question 18

what is cystic fibrosis

Answer 18

inherited disorder in the transport of sodium and chloride in the exocrine glands

Question 19

what causes CF? what can clinically be seen in those with CF?

Answer 19

defective gene that prevents sodium and chloride transport

consistently high sodium and chloride concentrations in sweat

Question 20

what organs are affected by CF

Answer 20

hepatic, digestive, male repro and respiratory systems

Question 21

what is the most common form of lung cancer in the US

Answer 21

adenocarcinoma

Question 22

what is the greatest risk factor for lung cancer

Answer 22

cigarette smoking

Question 23

what is the breakdown in percentages of types of lung cancer?

Answer 23

small cell - 20%
nonsmall cell - 80%