Endocrine / Metabolic System Flashcards
what is the main function of the endocrine system? (5)
differentiate reproductive / CNS of the developing fetus
stimulation of sequential grown and development
coordination of male and female repro systems
maintenance of optimal internal environment throughout lifespan
initiation of corrective/adaptive responses when emergency demands occur
what organs control the function of other endocrine organs
hypothalamus
pituitary
thyroid
pancreas
what is gigantism?
an abrupt overgrowth of long bones in children that may lead to a child being excessively tall
what is acromegaly
slow development of adults that affects the face, jaw, hands and feet after the closure of growth plates
may include myopathy and muscle weakness
what does the hypothalamus do
main integrative center for the endocrine / autonomic nervous system
controls the function of endocrine organs by neural and hormonal pathways
what does the pituitary gland do? what does it release?
regulator of endocrine glands by releasing
adrenocorticotropin hormone
thyroid stimulating hormone
luteinizing hormone
follicle stimulating hormone
human growth hormone
prolactin
what causes gigantism or acromegaly?
hyperpituitarism
- abnormal growth patterns
what is a result of hypopituitarism
dwarfism
diabetes insipidus - imbalance of water due to ADH deficiency
what is hyperthyroidism
excessive secretion of thyroid hormone (thyrotoxicosis) that causes a general elevation of body metabolism
what is the common name for hyperthyroidism? who does it affect / when?
Graves Disease
women (4x) more than men
20-40 y/o
may occur due to infection and/or have an autoimmune component
what are some common symptoms of hyperthyroidism
mild enlargement of thyroid gland (goiter)
nervousness / mood changes
heat intolerance / sweating
weight loss
diarrhea
tremor / palpitations
hyperactivity
what are some additional symptoms of graves disease
heart problems
periarthritis
proximal muscle weakness / atrophy
dyspnea
protrusion of the eyes
how is hyperthyroidism treated
antithyroid medications
radioactive iodine
surgery
what clinical symptoms is hyperthyroidism associated with
exercise intolerance and reduced exercise capacity
proximal muscle weakness and accompanying myopathy
what is hypothyroidism
deficiency of thyroid hormone resulting in generalized slowed metabolism
what are the forms of hypothyroidism? what does that mean?
type 1 - hormone deficient, not enough of the hormone is produced
type 2 - hormone resistant, thyroid gland does not respond to TSH so not enough T3/4 do not reach organs
what body process are affected as a result of hypothyroidism
bradycardia
decreased GI tract activity
slowed neurologic function
decrease in body heat production
achlorhydria (absence of hydrochloric acid in gastric juices)
lipid metabolism altered - high serum cholesterol and triglycerides
what are the clinical manifestations of hypothyroidism
nonpitting edema
thickening of tongue, pharyngeal and laryngeal structures
hoarseness and slurred speech
decreasing mental stability
dry flaky inelastic skin
dry hair
upper eyelid droop
thick brittle nails
cardiovascular / msk involvement
where are the parathyroid glands? how many of them are there?
4 glands on the dorsal surface in each corner (lobe) of the thyroid gland
what do the parathyroid glands do
produce parathyroid hormone in order to regulate calcium and phosphorus metabolism
what is hyperparathyroidism
overactivity of parathyroid glands
can lead to damage to bone and kidneys
what is hypoparathyroidism
underactivity of parathyroid glands that affects CNS and other body systems
produces hypocalcemia and high serum phosphate levels
can lead to neuromuscular inability
what is addison disease? what causes it?
insufficient release of cortisol and aldosterone due to a disorder of the adrenal gland
diminishes resistance to stress
what are the symptoms of addison disease
abdominal, low back or leg pain
weakness
hypotension
weight loss
nausea
vomitting
diarrhea
skin pigmentation changes
fluid/electrolyte imbalances
what is cushing syndrome
hypercortisolism due to over secretion of adrenal glands, excess corticosteroid medication or excess ACTH stimulation from pituitary gland
what are symptoms of cushing syndrome
protuberant abdomen
poor wound healing
thinning of skin
generalized muscle weakness
osteoperosis
what is conn syndrome
adrenal lesion results in hypersecretion of aldosterone that in turn enhances sodium reabsorption by the kidneys
what can conn syndrome cause
hypernatremia - too much sodium
hypervolemia - too much fluid volume
hypokalemia - too little potassium
metabolic alkalosis - body is more basic than acidic
what are the islets of langerhans major functions
alpha cells - glucagon production
beta cells - insulin production
delta cells - somatostatin
what does glucagon, insulin and somatostatin do?
glucagon - release of sugars, increase blood sugar
insulin - decrease blood sugar, digestion of sugars
somatostatin - regulate the release of both insulin/glucagon
what is type 1 diabetes
cell-mediated autoimmune destruction of beta cells in the pancreas
insulin deficiency
what is type 2 diabetes
cellular resistance to insulin action and inadequate compensatory insulin secretory response
what is associated with type 1 diabetes
visual issues
neuropathic complications
blood lipid abnormalities
atherosclerosis
what is associated with type 2 diabetes
obesity and sedentary lifestyle
skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle and adipose tissue issues
ketones that interfere with acid-base balance and metabolic acidosis
what is most affected by type 2 diabetes
blood vessels and nerves
- blindness, kidney failure and neuropathies
- higher risk for CAD, stroke and periphreal vascular disease
what is Charcot disease
chronic progressive degeneration of stress-bearing portion of a joint associated with loss of protective sensation
can lead to complete joint destruction
how can diabetes be diagnosed
fasting plasma glucose
oral glucose
tolerance test
A1c - 5.5 to 6.5
how is type 1 diabetes managed
insulin administration and dietary management
how is type 2 diabetes treated
diet and exercise
sometimes in conjunction with oral hypoglycemic drugs
what does the metabolism system do?
balance fluid and electrolytes by making sure that the composition of positive charged and negative charged electrolytes are equal
what is the range of acid-base balance? how does it do this?
pH of 7.35 to 7.45
carbonic acid regulation by lungs
base bicarbonate regulation by kidneys
if acidosis occurs, what happens?
if alkalosis occurs, what happens?
acidosis - lungs kick in to make it more basic
alkalosis - kidneys kick in to make it more acidic
what are the common mechanisms of parathyroid injury
surgical procedure
