cardiovascular system Flashcards
what are the cardinal symptoms of cardiac disease
chest, neck or arm pain/discomfort
palpations
dyspnea
syncope
fatigue
cough
cyanosis
what are the most common vascular symptoms
edema
leg pain
what is angina
chest pain/discomfort due to lack of oxygen to heart muscles
what is angina described as?
pressure, squeezing or tightness behind the breast bone
shortness of breath, weakness, light-headedness, and swelling may occur
what are palpations
irregular, fast or extra heartbeat
referred to as arrythmia
light-headedness or syncope may be associateed
when are palpitations considered necessary for treatment
if you have more than 6 a minute or if other associated symptoms are present
what is associated with right ventricular failure
peripheral edema and claudication
what is arteriosclerosis
group of diseases characterized by thickening and loss of elasticity of arterial walls
“hardening” of arterial walls
what is atherosclerosis
thickening of arterial wall through the accumulation of lipids, macrophages, T-lymphocytes, smooth muscle cells, ECM, calcium and necrotic debris
what is the benefit of the high fowler position
reduce pulmonary congestion
facilitate diaphragmatic expansion and ventilation
ease dyspnea
what is the value for hypertension?
greater than either 140 systolic or 90 diastolic or both, measured on 2 separate occasions at least 2 weeks apart
what is hypertension
increased peripheral resistance as a result of the narrowing of arterioles
what is a myocardial infarction
heart attack - development of ischemia with resultant necrosis of myocardial tissue
what are the cardinal symptoms of myocardial infarction
sensation of pressure - crushing sensation on the chest that may radiate to the arms, throat, neck or back
if the pain lasts, accompanying symptoms like pallor, shortness of breath and profuse sweating may occur
what relieves angina
dosage of sublingual nitroglycerin
rest or cessation of activity
what is myocarditis
relatively uncommon acute or chronic inflammatory condition of the muscular walls of the heart
can a patient with active myocarditis do PT
no, it is a contraindication
what are the main acyanotic heart defects
ventricular septal defect
coarctation of the aorta
patent ductus arteriosus
what is ventricular septal defect
abnormal opening between the right and left ventricles
what is coarctation of the aorta
narrowing near the insertion of the ductus arteriosus, resulting in increased pressure in the aorta
what is patent ductus arteriosus
failure of the fetal ductus arteriosus to close within the first few weeks of life
what are the cyanotic congenital heart defects
transportation of the great vessels
tetralogy of fallot
tricuspid atresia
what is transportation of the great vessels
no communication existing between the systemic and pulmonary circulations
what is the tetralogy of fallot
4 classic defects
- pulmonary stenosis
- large ventricular septal defect
- aortic communication
- right ventricular hypertrophy
what is tricuspid artesia
failure of tricuspid valve to develop
lack of communication from the right atrium to the right ventricle
what is a DVT
deep vein thrombosis
caused by a partial or complete occlusion of a vein by a thrombus
what is the most common form of thrombosis in the LE
superficial venous thrombosis due to varicose veins
what are the s/s of a DVT
leg or calf swelling
pain/tenderness
dilation of superficial veins
pitting edema
skin on affected LE may be warmer
what is the greatest risk factor for CVD? why?
aging
calcium deposition and changes in the elastic properties found in elastin and collagen often affect the large and medium-sized blood vessels
how long after exposure to TB do symptoms show up?
weeks to months
