immune system Flashcards
acquired immunity
acquired - adaptive and has memory of disease
what is innate immunity
recognizes foreign entity and attacks
non-adaptative and does not have memory
what is active acquired immunity
vaccination or antibody
what is passive acquired immunity
passed from individual to individual
ie mother to child
what cells provide initial immune system response
neutrophils and monocytes
what is the initial first line of protection
skin
what cells are involved in innate immunity
phagocytes
what are neutrophils
derive from bone marrow
die after phagocytosis
what are natural killer cells
kills viruses, other intracellular microbe-infected cells
respond by releasing cytotoxic granules and secretes cytokines
what is humoral immunity
antibodies produced by B lymphocytes
effective against free floating organisms that can easily be reached/neutralized
how is humoral immune response compared to cell mediated response? what type of infection is it associated with
more rapid
resistance to acute bacterial infection
what are the five type of antibodies by type B lymphocytes
IgG
IgM
IgA
IgD
IgE
what is cell-mediated immunity
T lymphocytes - more specific
cells can recognize hidden organisms, search them out and destroy them on a cell-to-cell basis
what are regulatory / suppressor T cells
suppress activation of immune system to prevent pathologic self-reactivity / autoimmune disease
how does exercise affect immunity response
enhances immune system effectiveness during moderate exercise
prevent neuroendocrine and detrimental immunologic effects of stress
what does strenuous exercise affect the immune system
impairment
what is iatrogenic immunodeficiency
induced by immunosuppressive drugs, radiation therapy, or splenectomy
how does iatrogenic immunodeficiency occur
cytotoxic drugs kill immunocompetent cells during replication
due to the unselective nature, all rapidly dividing cells are affected
what are used to treat immune-mediated disorders
corticosteroids - potent anti inflammatory/immunosuppressive effects
what is cyclosporine? what does it do?
selectively suppresses the proliferation and development of helper T cells
radiation is ____ and causes
cytotoxic to most lymphocytes and causes immunosuppression
what is chronic fatigue syndrome
a syndrome that induces fatigue that limits work, school and family activities
what causes chronic fatigue syndrome
acquire neuroendicrine dysregulation that may be onset by acute physical or psychological stress
3/4 people report than an infection (typically mono) triggered the infection
what are the symptoms of CFS
acute sore throat, fever, muscle pain and weakness
progressed - muscle pain, forgetfulness along with overwhelming fatigue exacerbated by minimal physical activity
how does CFS present / treated?
follows a cyclical course that alternates between periods of illness and periods of well-being
post exertional malaise is a hallmark
treatment is aimed at symptom relief and improved function
what is a type 1 hypersensitivity disorder? example?
immediate hypersensitivity response inwhich IgE is produced in response to the pathogen (allergen)
normal allergy reaction that can lead to anaphylactic shock
what is a type 2 hypersensitivity disorder? example?
body’s own tissue is recognized as foreign
factors causing agglutination and phagocytosis are recruited
cytotoxic reaction
what is a type 3 hypersensitivity disorder? example?
immune complex disease
lupus
what is a type 4 hypersensitivity disorder? example?
cell-mediated immunity
inability to recognize a transplant/graft
what is SLE? what systems may be involved?
systemic lupus erythematosus
MSK - muscle pain / arthritis aches
cutaneous lesions
cardiopulm - shortness of breath, pericarditis
CNS
renal - bloody urine / destroying of glomerulus
what is fibromyalgia
chronic muscle pain syndrome
considered systemic due to multiple tender points as a key symptom
what symptoms are associated with fibromyalgia? what are risk factors for fibromyalgia
disordered sleep
prolonged anxiety/emotional stress/trauma
rapid steroid withdrawal
hypothyroidism
what are the main differences between fibromyalgia / chronic fatigue syndrome
fibro - pain is main symptom, onset is not often associated with an infection
CFS - fatigue is main symptom, onset is often associated with an infection
how is fibromyalgia diagnosed? which age group/gender is fibromyalgia most commonly present in?
11 of 18 fibrotendinous areas having pain
between the ages of 20-55
90% are women
what 4 regulatory systems does fibromyalgia affect
HPA axis - reduced level of NT that are associated with pain threshold
ANS - ability to modulate and respond to pain is decreased
reproductive hormone axis - onset and exacerbations of the symptoms occur around times of hormonal changes
immune system - glial cells prolong the release of proinflammatory cytokines, inducing an increased pain state
what exacerbates fibromyalgia symptoms
stress
overloaded physical activity
trauma
other illnesses
