hepatic / pancreatic / biliary

Question 1

s/s of liver dysfunction

Answer 1

GI symptoms
edema
dark urine
right upper quadrant pain
palmar erythema

Question 2

what is asterixis

Answer 2

motor disturbance that results in quick irregular extension and flexion of the wrist

Question 3

what does asterixis indicate?

Answer 3

bilateral flapping tremor that indicates liver pathology

Question 4

what is jaundice?

Answer 4

yellow discoloration of the skin, sclarea and mucous membranes

inability to metabolize bilirubin or an overproduction of it

Question 5

what is cirrhosis

Answer 5

chronic, progressive inflammation of the liver

Question 6

what is the treatment of cirrhosis

Answer 6

transplantation is the best therapy for long term survival

Question 7

what are common causes of cirrhosis

Answer 7

a lot of acetaminophen
drinking

Question 8

what are the s/s of hepatic encephalopathy

Answer 8

decreased level of consciousness / mental cognition

Question 9

what are the common forms of hepatitis

Answer 9

A,B,C,D, E, G

Question 10

how is hepatitis A transmitted

Answer 10

infectious hepatitis
oral-feal route transmission
highly contagious

Question 11

how is hepatitis B transmitted

Answer 11

percutaneous / mucosal contract transmission
highly infectious

Question 12

how is hepatitis c transmitted

Answer 12

blood transfusion / injection drug use
can become lifetime carrier of virus

Question 13

what is hepatic encephalopathy

Answer 13

ammonia not being metabolized leading to cognitive decline

Question 14

how is hepatitis D transmitted

Answer 14

defective single-stranded RNA virus that presents as a coinfection of HBV

Question 15

how is hepatitis E transmitted

Answer 15

contaminated water via oral-fecal route

trends in poor socioeconomic conditions

Question 16

how is hepatitis G transmitted

Answer 16

parenterally transmitted

Question 17

what are the s/s of hepatitis

Answer 17

significant inflammation
malaise
fatigue
mild fever
nausea
vomiting
anorexia
right upper quadrant pain

Question 18

are primary liver neoplasms more common than metastatic

Answer 18

no
metastatic tumors occur 20x more often

Question 19

what are the s/s of pancreatitis

Answer 19

tachycardia
hypoxia
tachypnea
change in mental status
abdominal pain

Question 20

what are the treatments of pancreatitis

Answer 20

IV fluids for hydration
analgesics for pain control
eating nothing by mouth to allow pancreas to rest

Question 21

what substances make up gallstones

Answer 21

80% - cholesterol
20% - bilirubin salts

Question 22

what are the risk factors that lead to development of pancreatic cancer

Answer 22

tobacco
certain chemical exposure
obesity / high fat and meat consumption
family history
partial gastrectomy

Question 23

what is the prognosis of pancreatic cancer

Answer 23

extremely poor

Question 24

what are gall stones

Answer 24

formation of stones in the gallbladder as a result of changes to normal components of the bile

Question 25

what is the scientific name for gallstones

Answer 25

cholelithiasis

Question 26

what is the typical pain pattern with gallstones?

Answer 26

pain occurs when stone passes down the duct to duodenum

severe and located in R upper quadrant just below the sternum

frequently related to meals

Question 27

what is cholecystitis? what type of pain is noticed?

Answer 27

inflammation of the gallbladder

prolonged pain in the right upper quadrant with abdominal tenderness, muscle guarding and rebound pain

Question 28

where may the liver refer pain?

Answer 28

right shoulder

Question 29

how do you test for asterixis?

Answer 29

have patient extend arms and wrists

active tremor

Question 30

where does the gallbladder refer pain

Answer 30

upper right quadrant