hepatic / pancreatic / biliary Flashcards
s/s of liver dysfunction
GI symptoms
edema
dark urine
right upper quadrant pain
palmar erythema
what is asterixis
motor disturbance that results in quick irregular extension and flexion of the wrist
what does asterixis indicate?
bilateral flapping tremor that indicates liver pathology
what is jaundice?
yellow discoloration of the skin, sclarea and mucous membranes
inability to metabolize bilirubin or an overproduction of it
what is cirrhosis
chronic, progressive inflammation of the liver
what is the treatment of cirrhosis
transplantation is the best therapy for long term survival
what are common causes of cirrhosis
a lot of acetaminophen
drinking
what are the s/s of hepatic encephalopathy
decreased level of consciousness / mental cognition
what are the common forms of hepatitis
A,B,C,D, E, G
how is hepatitis A transmitted
infectious hepatitis
oral-feal route transmission
highly contagious
how is hepatitis B transmitted
percutaneous / mucosal contract transmission
highly infectious
how is hepatitis c transmitted
blood transfusion / injection drug use
can become lifetime carrier of virus
what is hepatic encephalopathy
ammonia not being metabolized leading to cognitive decline
how is hepatitis D transmitted
defective single-stranded RNA virus that presents as a coinfection of HBV
how is hepatitis E transmitted
contaminated water via oral-fecal route
trends in poor socioeconomic conditions
how is hepatitis G transmitted
parenterally transmitted
what are the s/s of hepatitis
significant inflammation
malaise
fatigue
mild fever
nausea
vomiting
anorexia
right upper quadrant pain
are primary liver neoplasms more common than metastatic
no
metastatic tumors occur 20x more often
what are the s/s of pancreatitis
tachycardia
hypoxia
tachypnea
change in mental status
abdominal pain
what are the treatments of pancreatitis
IV fluids for hydration
analgesics for pain control
eating nothing by mouth to allow pancreas to rest
what substances make up gallstones
80% - cholesterol
20% - bilirubin salts
what are the risk factors that lead to development of pancreatic cancer
tobacco
certain chemical exposure
obesity / high fat and meat consumption
family history
partial gastrectomy
what is the prognosis of pancreatic cancer
extremely poor
what are gall stones
formation of stones in the gallbladder as a result of changes to normal components of the bile
what is the scientific name for gallstones
cholelithiasis
what is the typical pain pattern with gallstones?
pain occurs when stone passes down the duct to duodenum
severe and located in R upper quadrant just below the sternum
frequently related to meals
what is cholecystitis? what type of pain is noticed?
inflammation of the gallbladder
prolonged pain in the right upper quadrant with abdominal tenderness, muscle guarding and rebound pain
where may the liver refer pain?
right shoulder
how do you test for asterixis?
have patient extend arms and wrists
active tremor
where does the gallbladder refer pain
upper right quadrant
