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Patho > oncology > Flashcards

oncology Flashcards

1
Q

what are the stages of a tumor/cancer

A

stage 0-4

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2
Q

what is stage 0 of a tumor

A

carcinoma in situ that is premalignant or preinvasive

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3
Q

what is stage 1 cancer

A

early, localized cancer

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4
Q

what is stage 2 cancer

A

increased risk of spread due to tumor size

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5
Q

what is stage 3 cancer

A

local cancer has spread but may not have been disseminated to distant regions

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6
Q

what is stage 4 cancer

A

cancer has spread and disseminated to distant sites

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7
Q

what stage affects lymphnodes? what does that mean

A

stage 3
spread a lot easier

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8
Q

most commonly diagnosed cancers

A

lung
breast
colorectal

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9
Q

what is the most prevalent cancer in the world

A

breast cancer

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10
Q

which cancer is the most deadly

A

lung cancer

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11
Q

when did cancer diagnoses peak? what happened then?

A

1990 - significantly decreased each year

associated with decrease in smoking

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12
Q

what cancers in men are most common

A

prostate
lung / bronchus
colon/rectum

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13
Q

what are the most common cancers diagnosed in women

A

breast
lung/bronchus
colorectal

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14
Q

which cancers show a more familial orign

A

breast / colon / ovarian

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15
Q

what are the modifiable risk factors of cancer development

A

tobacco
diet/nutrition
alcohol
hormonal exposure
geographic location
stress

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16
Q

what are the common anatomical means of spreading

A

invasion
metastasis

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17
Q

what is invasion

A

as a tumor increases in size, it begins to encroach on the surrounding tissue and invade them

18
Q

what is metastasis

A

malignant tumors have the ability
cancer cells break away from the tumor and get trapped in the capillaries of the surrounding tissue/organ

can then travel through the body

19
Q

which system is metastasis more likely to occur in

A

venous > arterial
as well as lymph

not able to break through thicker arterial walls

20
Q

what are the most common sites of metastasis

A

lymph node
liver
lung
bone
brain

21
Q

when does metastasis typically occur

A

3-5 years after initial diagnosis and treatment of malignancy

22
Q

what anatomically makes lung cancer more likely

A

they are the first organ to filter malignant cells
more likely for them to get implanted in the lungs

23
Q

what is often the first symptom of lung cancer

A

dry persistent cough
pleural pain
SOB

24
Q

why is the liver a common site of metastasis

A

filters blood coming from GI tract
easy site for tumors of the stomach, colorectum and pancreass

25
Q

symptoms of liver cancer

A

abdominal pain
general malaise
right upper quadrant pain
anorexia
weight lose
jaundice
dark urine, light stool

26
Q

what are the two mechanisms of skeletal system metastases

A

osteolytic
osteoblastic

27
Q

what is osteolytic metastasis

A

decreased bone density

28
Q

what is osteoblastic bone metastasis

A

dense scarring / increased bone density

29
Q

what type of cancer most commonly metastasizes to the brain

A

lung

30
Q

what CNS metastasis is more common

A

brain > spinal cord

31
Q

what is the most common related symptom? why is this important

A

fatigue
it is one of the main determinants when forming a POC, scheduling the visits and other things involved with therapy

32
Q

what are some treatment options of cancer

A

surgery
radiation therapy
chemo
biotherapy

33
Q

what is radiation therapy

A

destroying dividing cancer cells by destroying hydrogen bonds between DNA strands in cancer cells

useful in the treatment of localized lesions

34
Q

what is chemotherapy? why is it use?

A

wide array of chemical agents to destroy cancer cells

widespread or metastatic disease

35
Q

what is biotherapy

A

uses biologic response modifiers to change or modify the relationship between a tumor and host

strengthens the host’s biological response to tumor cells

used against interferons
bone marrow/stem cell transplants
monoclonal antibodies

36
Q

what is the ABCD screening

A

asymmetry
border
color - dark/red color
diameter - larger than pencil eraser

37
Q

cancer patients for PT

A

immunocompromised patients - important for us to use standard precautions

pain control measures - minimizing side effects and pain

being aware of fatigue management of it

38
Q

how may modalities be controversial

A

some of the things we use are to increase blood flow, but that could be bad – increased metastasis

39
Q

how does exercise relate to cancer

A

can regulate production of hormones that would increase tumor growth

may be hard to establish cardiovascular baseline due to inappropriate HR response and day-to-day basis to treatment
^^^ will be like a hypertensive response

40
Q

what is the guideline for exercise after chemo

A

wait 2 hours after chemo

41
Q

what are the precautions of exercise for those with cancer

A

< 12 RPE on 20 scale
<60 min
interval is best

42
Q

what are the winningham precautions to aerobic exercise in chemo patients

A

should not exercise if

platelet count < 50k per ml
hemoglobin <10 g/dl
white blood cell cound <3000
absolute granuloctytes <500 ml

Patho (15 decks)

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