Contributing Factors Flashcards
what are the main causes of morbidity and mortality in the US
obesity
alcoholism
sedentary lifestyle
tobacco use
abuse/violence
chronic disease
definition of obesity
excessive accumulation of fat in the body that contributes to numerous chronic diseases and early mortality
what is BMI? how is it calculated?
body mass index
weight (kg) / height (m^2)
what is the BMI # associated with overweight? obese? morbid obesity? (all in kg/m^2)
25
30
>40
what are the risk factors for obesity
sedentary lifestyle
high glycemic index
illness
medication
environmental factors
what three leading causes of death is obesity linked with
cardiovascular disease
cancer
diabetes mellitus
how much body weight being lost is considered to improve health
10% loss
tell me the stats of alcoholism
most common drug abuse problem in the US
more than 15 million Americans affected
alcohol related deaths outnumber other drug deaths 4 to 1
alcohol is a factor in more than half of all domestic violence and sexual assault cases
what is the single most preventable cause of disease in the US
smoking / use of tobacco
what diseases has smoking been linked to
chronic pulmonary disease
CVD
cancers
how can therapists help with a patient in an abusive situation
viewing areas of the body that are usually covered
we will see patients multiple times allowing for trusting relationships to develop
what is the senescence theory of aging
wear and tear over a period of time
change in cellular activity/ability to repair will decrease
one will repair, but they may not get back to OG level
what is the programmed based aging theory
genetically driven process / biological clock
external risk factors have less of an impact on one’s health
what is the telemorase aging theory
each time DNA is replicated telomeres shorten and the DNA is less likely to be protected
what is the most adverse influence on health
socioeconomic status
how does an improved socioeconomic status affect health
higher incomes = better health and live on average about 3 years longer
how does a poorer socioeconomic status affect health
lowest income families report limitation in activity caused by chronic disease almost 3x more
how does physical and nonphysical pain relate in the resolve of each?
physical will not go away without nonphysical being resolved/addressed
definition of pain
unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage
what is acute pain
a warning system that carries expectation of resolution
what is chronic pain
pain that persists past the normal time of healing
those with chronic pain are
often depressed, have sleep disturbances, and may become preoccupied with the pain
what should be the underlying direction in therapy regarding pain
improving functional outcomes rather than reducing pain
what is chronic stress correlated with
response and manifestation of various disorders
how does the body respond to strss
mobilization of its defenses to maintain homeostasis
how can stress be defined
many social and psychological factors that cause neurochemical changes within the body
what does current evidence indicate stress as
neurophysical, hormonal, and behavioral event
what is the neurohormonal axis
control center of many complex combinations of biologic and behavioral mechanisms
what is the major stress hormone? what does it do?
ACTH (adrenocorticotropic)
can regulate and stimulate release of other stress hormones
stress, reaction to stress and PTSD are common causes of
physical manifestations
what is the timeline of PTSD
symptoms usually occur within the first 3 months after exposure to truama
how can PTSD occur?
indirect or direct exposure to a traumatic event
how does one respond to the event
intense fear
helplessness
horror
how would a child respond with PTSD
fear
being withdrawn
disorganized or agitated behavior
how does the body respond to traumatic events
release of adrenaline and endorphins
what role does the amygdala play in PTSD
storage of emotional memories that stimulates the release of endorphins and adrenaline that is out of proportion to the stimulation
what regulates the amygdala? would any of these have physical changes?
frontal cortex, hippocampus and anterior cingulate cortex are regulators
frontal cortex may shrink, decreasing its ability to regulate
what are pharmacological / therapeutic interventions for PTSD
antidepressants
antianxiety
mood stabilizers
antipsychotics
cognitive behavioral therapy
exercise
illness is identified as the most consistent factor with
late-life depression
what medications can cause depression
sedatives
hypnotics
cardiac medicine
antihypertensives
steroids
how does gender affect depression
women are 2x more likely
what two neurotransmitters are implicated in the biochemical development of depression
norepinephrine and serotonin
how does norepinephrine / serotonin affect depression
either one has inadequate NE released or it is not absorbed well
depression can affect one’s sleep, decreasing the amount of serotonin released
what are warning signs of suicide
mood changes
loss of interest in family, work or social activites
significant changes in sleep pattern/appetite
what is QPR used for?
suicide
q - questions for patient about suicide
p - persuade to get help
r - refer for help
definition of resilience
ability to avoid, overcome or adapt to adverse circumstances
and/or
ability to recover or return to previous state after stress inducing trauma
what internal factors affect resilence
cognition
emotion
behavior
physical activities
what external factors affect resilience
family
community
societal support
how will a therapist assist one dealing with trauma / stress
assess readiness/build rapport before prescribing lifestyle changes
provide opportunities to improve self-efficacy
promote wellness appropriate to one’s perception of self-efficacy
how to provide sensitive care to individuals
provide safe environment
listening attentively to client
accepting the individual as a person
obtaining a thorough history that identifies the patients’ needs
recognizing possible contributions that other healthcare providers could provide
what can physicians do if they suspect abuse? what if they dont report
mandatory reporter
include being charged with Class A misdemeanor
risk suspension of license to practice if not reported
possibility of significant monitory fines
