Respiratory

Question 1

Ventilation

Respiration
- 2 segments?

Answer 1

Movement of gases (air) in and out of the lungs

Respiration is the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide
Pulmonay respiration - oxygen inhaled, carbon dioxide exhaled
Cellular respiration - breaking down glucose to produce ATP

Question 2

An increase in compliance means an increase in stretch for the alveolar ducts like a ..

Answer 2

like a balloon after being blown up a bunch of time

Question 3

Asthma is an example of an ________ form of ventilation condition

Answer 3

Obstructive

Question 4

Intrapulmonary pressure
Lungs do not collapse because of

Answer 4

• the force exerted during respiration by the gases within alveoli of lungs
• intrapleural pressure

Question 5

-Which is longer inspiration or expiration?
-95% of quiet breathing is …
-Inspiration involves the ____ intercostals
-Expiration involves the _____
intercostals
-What expands while breathing?

Answer 5

expiration 10-20% longer
diaphragm pressure
external (raises upper rib)
internal (depresses upper rib)
thoracic cavity

Question 6

Body positioning is very important for ____ and ____ flow
What position is best if a pt has heart problems or is pregnant?
Which position is not so good? Why?

Answer 6

air and blood (overall ventilation)
supine
side-lying, the diaphragm impedes a little bit into the thoracic space, and makes breathing harder

Question 7

• pleuritis aka pleurisy
• empyema

Answer 7

infection - pleura becomes inflamed
collection of pus in pleural cavity (migration of WBC)

Question 8

__ is much slower than __ so it needs a driving force

Answer 8

O2, CO2

Question 9

-O2 and CO2 crossing the membrane need ____ _____ in order to help with compliance (stretch)
-The 2 linings that are very thin
-What secretes surfactant

Answer 9

surfactant lining
alveolar epithelial membrane (very thin)
capillary epithelial membrane (even thinner)
Type 2 cell

Question 10

99% of O2 is bound to ______
1% is _______

Answer 10

hemeglobin
unfunctional

Question 11

10% of CO2 is dissolved in ____
20% CO2 combined with _____ to form ___________
70% H+ combines with _____ and makes

Answer 11

plasma
hemeglobin, carbinohemeglobin
hemeglobin, bicarbonate

Question 12

Perfusion
in an upright position - higher structures are ________
lower structures are _______

Answer 12

bathing of tissue in blood
overventilated or underperfused (air higher)
underventilated or overperfused (blood pulled down by gravity)

Question 13

Looking over top of someone is important when

Restrictive breathing is like ….
Obstructive breathing is like …..

Answer 13

-observing breathing

-getting a bear hug and trying to breathe
-taking 3 deep breathes and short outward breathing (hard to get breath out)

Question 14

Clinical evidence for general restrictive lung conditions

Symptoms (2)

why is muscle wasting a symptom?

Answer 14

tachypnea (fast breathing)
hypoxia (lack of sufficient oxygen)
crackles can be heard

dyspnea - shortness of breath or difficulty breathing
non productive cough

they are taking lots of quick shallow breathes

Question 15

2 categories of restrictive lung conditions

Answer 15

Intrinsic: pulm parenchyma (involvement of the lungs themselves)
Extrinsic: extrapulmonary (obesity or neuromuscular disorders)

Question 16

primary vs secondary causes of pleural disruptions (such as pleuritis or pleurisy)

Answer 16

P: spontaneous
S: surgery, traumatic, infectious, lung fibrosis

Question 17

a build up of too much fluid between the layers of the pleura

Answer 17

pleural effusion

Question 18

Medical management of pneuomo/hemo-thorax

Answer 18

Antiobiotic,
Surgery

Question 19

Symptoms of chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases

visible signs

Answer 19

dyspnea, pursed lips, bulging jugular veins, hypercapnia (CO2 levels rise because they aren’t being expelled), muscle atrophy

clubbed finger, weight loss, barrel chested

Question 20

Top 2 types of COPD

what is emphysema

Answer 20

chronic bronchitis
emphysema

decrease in the respiratory membrane and elastin in the lungs (tear down is outpacing build up)

Question 21

What occurs in chronic bronchitis

Answer 21

inflammation and increase in mucin

Question 22

Causes of COPD

Answer 22

smoking
genetics
decrease in elastin. increase in collagen

Question 23

Most common pulmonary function / breathing test

what does it measure

Answer 23

spirometry

respiratory volumes and capacities

Question 24

Total amount of air that can be moved into and out of the lungs

Answer 24

Forced vital capacity

Question 25

Ways to diagnose COPD

Answer 25

exercise tests and functional tests

Question 26

From inspired air - alveolar air - oxygenated blood - tissue fluid, what increases what decreases?

From tissue fluid - deoxygenated blood - expired air what increases what decreases?

Where is each segment the highest?

Answer 26

PO2 decreases
PCO2 increases

PO2 increases
PCO2 decreases

PO2 is the highest in inspired air
PCO2 is the highest in tissue fluid

Question 27

Clinical complications of COPD

Answer 27

skeletal muscle dysfunction
Osteoporosis
decrease in exercise tolerance

Question 28

Medical management of COPD (4)

specific exercises

Answer 28

anti inflammatory - (corticosteroids or mast cell blocker)
nutrition
exercise (pulmonary rehab)
bronchodilation

Diaphragmatic breathing, pursed lip breathing, respiratory muscle trainers

Question 29

Obstructive
vs
Restrictive
compliance

Answer 29

O: higher
R: lower

Question 30

Ejection fraction

Answer 30

EDV-ESV (SV) /EDV x 100

Question 31

collection of air outside lung but in pleural cavity

Answer 31

pneumothorax

Question 32

collection of blood around pleural space

Answer 32

hemothorax