Quiz 3 Flashcards
Addison’s disease is
what are the causes
symptoms
signs
management
primary adrenal insufficiency (decrease in cortisol) HYPO
autoimmune issues
fatigue, nausea, constipation
weight loss, hypotension
cortiocosteroid replacement or DHEA supplementation (hormone from the adrenal gland)
Cushing’s Syndrome is
symptoms and signs
management
adrenal cortex adenoma (can be benign or malignant)
hypertension, obesity, anxiety, stroke, infertility
removal of cause (surgery or radiotherapy)
nutrition change
physical activity
Functions of thyroid
Most common hyperthyroid disease
signs
management
regulates metabolism and growth
Graves disease
bulging eyes, redness, fatigue
surgery (thyroidectomy) or radiotherapy
antithyroid drugs
Hypothyroidism is
symptoms
management
diagnosis
thyroid gland cannot make enough thyroid hormone to keep the body running normally
weight gain, bradycardia, constipation, puffy face
physical activity, T4 levothyroxine
through blood, CT, MRI
BMR
RMR
RMR may be influenced by
the number of calories you burn as your body performs basic life sustaining function (stayed in bed all day)
^ with the inclusion of light activities such as eating, restroom, and walking
age, gender, blood size, temperature
The 3 sections associated with potential of obesity
obesity may be influenced by
high energy intake, genetic disposition (50%, what genes are exposed), low energy expenditure
age, body size, hormones, gender
Direct measurements of physical activity
indirect
pedometer, calorimetry
recall, questionnaires
Leptin is
Leptins response to starvation (fat loss)
through the hypothalamus
Leptins response to obesity (fat gain) through the hypothalamus
hormone secreted through fat
increase appetite and parasympathetic tone
decreased sympathetic tone
decreased energy expenditure, heart rate and blood pressure
decreased appetite and parasympathetic tone
increased sympathetic tone
increased energy expenditure, heart rate and blood pressure
Medical complications of obesity
hypertension
sleep apnea
lower back pain
type 2 DM
induces and insulin-resistance state
shallow breaths
woman may end up with more testosterone while men may end up with more estrogen
osteoarthritis
Medical management or treatment of obesity
decrease energy intake (appetite suppressants)
decrease GI absorption
increase energy expenditure
sleeve gastrectomy
Benefits of weight reduction
decreased BP
decreased risk of cancer
increase of blood glucose control
Hyperthyroidism risks
how is it diagnosed
symptoms
high iodine exposure
pregnancy
nicotine
through blood, ultrasound, MRI
fatigue, weight loss, hair loss
What controls the pituitary gland and central regulatory signals?
hypthalamus
Diabetes meaning
Insipidus meaning
Mellitus meaning
polyphagia meaning
excessive urination
lacking flavor
pertaining to honey; carbohydrate metabolism
excessive hunger
Type 1 DM
Type 2 DM
juvenile onset, insulin dependent
adult onset, non insulin dependent
When blood sugar is low pancreas releases (hypoglycemia)
When blood sugar is high pancreas releases (hyperglycemia)
glucagon
insulin
Critical Incretins
function?
GIP (gastric inhibitory peptide)
GLP-1 (glucagon like peptide -1)
protein hormones that modulate glucose metabolism
Fasting glucose levels should be
Which level indicates DM
70-99 mg/dL
100-125 predm, 126 or above = dm
Increased glucose uptake to have more GLUT 1 and 4 is done through the process of
translocation
Causes of T2DM
medical complications
beta cell dysfunction
insulin resistance in periphery
hepatic dysregulation (increase in glucose production)
metabolic acidosis, blindness, hypertension , renal failure, MI
Symptoms of hypoglycemia
of hyperglycemia
headache, blurred vision, hunger
thirst, weakness, abdominal pain
Represents integrated index of blood glucose control over previous 60-90 days
predisposing factors of T2DM
Medical management of DM
Hemoglobin A1C testing
obesity, age, diet, inactivity (exercise has an insulin like effect)
nutrition, physical activity, exercise, diabetes prevention program
Type of med management for T2DM
cautions when exercising
insulin pump, continuous glucose monitor
exercise at same time everyday, increase water intake, monitor blood glucose levels within 15 min before and after, never exercise alone
In cholesterol which types of lipoproteins do we want more of?
Less of?
why?
High HDL - secreted with little to no fat
Low LDL - picks up extra fat and they stick around in circulation
The #1 sold medication in the world
The values for
VLDL
LDL
HDL
Statin (prevents the making of cholesterol)
<60
<90
<100
The 3 types of cells
Why are they important
Bones start to degenerate more than they build up at what age for each gender (decrease in bone mineral density)
osteocytes, osteoblasts (build up), osteoclasts (breakdown)
they are opposites that allow for homeostasis of the bone
30 for men, 35 for woman
Tearing apart bone releases _____ into the bloodstream
Which vitamin allows you to absorb it into the bloodstream
IMPT allows for ….
1 in __ people are inadequate in vitamin D
Common risk sights of bone loss
calcium
Vitamin D
more calcium to be put into the bloodstream
4.5
hips, wrists, spine
Bone disorders
Soft bone (dysfunction in blasts)
-More reabsorption than laying down of bone
-Sever density loss
-Hardening of bones (too much blasts)
Who is at the highest risk?
2/3 of the body’s magnesium is in?
osteomalacia
osteopenia
osteoporosis
osteopetrosis
Women
bone
The primary types of heart disease
the primary cause
causes of ^
ischemic
heart attack
myotropic heart disease
atherosclerosis (build up of fats and cholesterol in and on arterial wall)
smoking, obesity, imbalance of HDL/LDL
Blood flow (thus oxygen) is reduced in a certain area of body this is caused because
Ischemic cascade
what does ^ include
ischemia, supply does not meet demand
progressive myocardial oxygen supply where demands cannot be met causes sequence of events
diastolic dysfunction
impaired systolic emptying
ECG changes
muscular changes (myocardium)
Myocardial ischemia
this can be caused by?
Angina
blood flow to the heart is obstructed by a blockage of coronary artery by a build up
atherosclerosis, or coronary artery disease (commonly)
a symptom of MI (chest pain)
A build up of plaque can be stable or unstable, if it is unstable …..
it is more prone to sudden rupture which is potentially life threatening
True or False
We all have atherosclerosis
True. It is only a problem when it becomes out of control
Angina is ______ pain, this has to do with …..
episodes of angina can be?
dyspnea
claudication
referred pain, acute ischemic heart disease
silent
shortness of breathe
muscle pain due to lack of oxygen
Which type of MI is the largest.. it is also the most ______
The other type
Type 1 - blocked by thrombus, dangerous (most commonly leads to death over type 2)
Type 2 - imbalance myocardial O2 supply vs demand
Most common warning signs of a heart attack
pain, fullness or uncomfortable pressure in center of chest
pain that spreads to throat or jaw
dizziness
Risk factors of CVD (modifiable vs nonmod)
smoking, HTN, obesity, Low HDL
age, ethnicity
