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Pathology > Quiz 3 > Flashcards

Quiz 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Addison’s disease is

what are the causes

symptoms

signs

management

A

primary adrenal insufficiency (decrease in cortisol) HYPO

autoimmune issues

fatigue, nausea, constipation

weight loss, hypotension

cortiocosteroid replacement or DHEA supplementation (hormone from the adrenal gland)

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2
Q

Cushing’s Syndrome is

symptoms and signs

management

A

adrenal cortex adenoma (can be benign or malignant)

hypertension, obesity, anxiety, stroke, infertility

removal of cause (surgery or radiotherapy)
nutrition change
physical activity

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3
Q

Functions of thyroid

Most common hyperthyroid disease

signs

management

A

regulates metabolism and growth

Graves disease

bulging eyes, redness, fatigue

surgery (thyroidectomy) or radiotherapy
antithyroid drugs

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4
Q

Hypothyroidism is

symptoms

management

diagnosis

A

thyroid gland cannot make enough thyroid hormone to keep the body running normally

weight gain, bradycardia, constipation, puffy face

physical activity, T4 levothyroxine

through blood, CT, MRI

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5
Q

BMR

RMR

RMR may be influenced by

A

the number of calories you burn as your body performs basic life sustaining function (stayed in bed all day)

^ with the inclusion of light activities such as eating, restroom, and walking

age, gender, blood size, temperature

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5
Q

The 3 sections associated with potential of obesity

obesity may be influenced by

A

high energy intake, genetic disposition (50%, what genes are exposed), low energy expenditure

age, body size, hormones, gender

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6
Q

Direct measurements of physical activity

indirect

A

pedometer, calorimetry

recall, questionnaires

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7
Q

Leptin is

Leptins response to starvation (fat loss)
through the hypothalamus

Leptins response to obesity (fat gain) through the hypothalamus

A

hormone secreted through fat

increase appetite and parasympathetic tone
decreased sympathetic tone
decreased energy expenditure, heart rate and blood pressure

decreased appetite and parasympathetic tone
increased sympathetic tone
increased energy expenditure, heart rate and blood pressure

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7
Q

Medical complications of obesity

A

hypertension
sleep apnea
lower back pain
type 2 DM
induces and insulin-resistance state
shallow breaths
woman may end up with more testosterone while men may end up with more estrogen
osteoarthritis

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8
Q

Medical management or treatment of obesity

A

decrease energy intake (appetite suppressants)
decrease GI absorption
increase energy expenditure
sleeve gastrectomy

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9
Q

Benefits of weight reduction

A

decreased BP
decreased risk of cancer
increase of blood glucose control

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10
Q

Hyperthyroidism risks

how is it diagnosed

symptoms

A

high iodine exposure
pregnancy
nicotine

through blood, ultrasound, MRI

fatigue, weight loss, hair loss

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10
Q

What controls the pituitary gland and central regulatory signals?

A

hypthalamus

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11
Q

Diabetes meaning

Insipidus meaning

Mellitus meaning

polyphagia meaning

A

excessive urination

lacking flavor

pertaining to honey; carbohydrate metabolism

excessive hunger

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12
Q

Type 1 DM

Type 2 DM

A

juvenile onset, insulin dependent

adult onset, non insulin dependent

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12
Q

When blood sugar is low pancreas releases (hypoglycemia)

When blood sugar is high pancreas releases (hyperglycemia)

A

glucagon

insulin

13
Q

Critical Incretins

function?

A

GIP (gastric inhibitory peptide)
GLP-1 (glucagon like peptide -1)

protein hormones that modulate glucose metabolism

14
Q

Fasting glucose levels should be

Which level indicates DM

A

70-99 mg/dL

100-125 predm, 126 or above = dm

15
Q

Increased glucose uptake to have more GLUT 1 and 4 is done through the process of

A

translocation

16
Q

Causes of T2DM

medical complications

A

beta cell dysfunction
insulin resistance in periphery
hepatic dysregulation (increase in glucose production)

metabolic acidosis, blindness, hypertension , renal failure, MI

16
Q

Symptoms of hypoglycemia

of hyperglycemia

A

headache, blurred vision, hunger

thirst, weakness, abdominal pain

16
Q

Represents integrated index of blood glucose control over previous 60-90 days

predisposing factors of T2DM

Medical management of DM

A

Hemoglobin A1C testing

obesity, age, diet, inactivity (exercise has an insulin like effect)

nutrition, physical activity, exercise, diabetes prevention program

17
Q

Type of med management for T2DM

cautions when exercising

A

insulin pump, continuous glucose monitor

exercise at same time everyday, increase water intake, monitor blood glucose levels within 15 min before and after, never exercise alone

18
Q

In cholesterol which types of lipoproteins do we want more of?
Less of?
why?

A

High HDL - secreted with little to no fat
Low LDL - picks up extra fat and they stick around in circulation

19
Q

The #1 sold medication in the world

The values for
VLDL
LDL
HDL

A

Statin (prevents the making of cholesterol)

<60
<90
<100

20
Q

The 3 types of cells

Why are they important

Bones start to degenerate more than they build up at what age for each gender (decrease in bone mineral density)

A

osteocytes, osteoblasts (build up), osteoclasts (breakdown)

they are opposites that allow for homeostasis of the bone

30 for men, 35 for woman

21
Q

Tearing apart bone releases _____ into the bloodstream

Which vitamin allows you to absorb it into the bloodstream

IMPT allows for ….

1 in __ people are inadequate in vitamin D

Common risk sights of bone loss

A

calcium

Vitamin D

more calcium to be put into the bloodstream

4.5

hips, wrists, spine

22
Q

Bone disorders
Soft bone (dysfunction in blasts)
-More reabsorption than laying down of bone
-Sever density loss
-Hardening of bones (too much blasts)
Who is at the highest risk?
2/3 of the body’s magnesium is in?

A

osteomalacia
osteopenia
osteoporosis
osteopetrosis

Women

bone

22
Q

The primary types of heart disease

the primary cause

causes of ^

A

ischemic
heart attack
myotropic heart disease

atherosclerosis (build up of fats and cholesterol in and on arterial wall)

smoking, obesity, imbalance of HDL/LDL

23
Q

Blood flow (thus oxygen) is reduced in a certain area of body this is caused because

Ischemic cascade

what does ^ include

A

ischemia, supply does not meet demand

progressive myocardial oxygen supply where demands cannot be met causes sequence of events

diastolic dysfunction
impaired systolic emptying
ECG changes
muscular changes (myocardium)

23
Q

Myocardial ischemia
this can be caused by?

Angina

A

blood flow to the heart is obstructed by a blockage of coronary artery by a build up
atherosclerosis, or coronary artery disease (commonly)

a symptom of MI (chest pain)

24
Q

A build up of plaque can be stable or unstable, if it is unstable …..

A

it is more prone to sudden rupture which is potentially life threatening

25
Q

True or False

We all have atherosclerosis

A

True. It is only a problem when it becomes out of control

26
Q

Angina is ______ pain, this has to do with …..

episodes of angina can be?

dyspnea

claudication

A

referred pain, acute ischemic heart disease

silent

shortness of breathe

muscle pain due to lack of oxygen

27
Q

Which type of MI is the largest.. it is also the most ______

The other type

A

Type 1 - blocked by thrombus, dangerous (most commonly leads to death over type 2)

Type 2 - imbalance myocardial O2 supply vs demand

28
Q

Most common warning signs of a heart attack

A

pain, fullness or uncomfortable pressure in center of chest
pain that spreads to throat or jaw
dizziness

28
Q

Risk factors of CVD (modifiable vs nonmod)

A

smoking, HTN, obesity, Low HDL
age, ethnicity

Pathology (13 decks)

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