Quiz 1 Flashcards
Pathology refers to
What is studied?
What is examined?
- the study of essential nature of disease
- physical condition of the organism during the disease, direct observation of the symptoms of the disease
- gross and microscopic examination of tissues, organs, and the whole body
Pathophysiology refers to
What is studied?
What is examined?
- the study of disordered physiological processes associated with diseases
- biochemical changes of the body, experimental measurements
- levels of biochemical compounds such as sodium, potassium, bicarbonate, glucose, and creatinine
Pathogenesis refers to
process by which disease or disorder develops
COPD: emphysema is more common in which race?
It is more common in which gender?
White
Male
Small air sacs that where the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide take place
alveoli
What is emphysema caused by?
smoking
oedema
build up of fluid in the body, that causes swelling of effected tissue (example pulmonary oedema build up of fluid that affects lungs, causing shortness of breath)
An enlarged right ventricle in your heart that caused by a lung condition
cor pulmonale
the imbalance of lipids such as cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, (LDL-C), triglycerides, and high-density lipoprotein (HDL)
dyslipidemia
Healthy triglycerides levels are
Healthy cholesterol levels are
below 150
below 200
Acute vs chronic
Acute: develop suddenly and last a short amount of time (ex asthma attack)
Chronic: develop slowly and can worsen over time (ex ALS)
What falls between acute and chronic?
subacute
Field, area and primary agents of
disease, illness, and sickness
disease: profession, MEDICAL, and other health care professions
illness: PERSONAL (experimental/existential)
sickness: SOCIETY, social, institutions, health policy makers, lawyers
Disease definition
biological or physiological alteration (ex heart or renovascular disease)
Disorder definition
It is an indication that disease is possible, but there is not enough clinical evidence to treat it as a whole (anxiety or bulimia disorder)
Syndrome definition
group of symptoms (and signs) associated with a disease or disorder (ex down or carpal tunnel syndrome)
Disability definition
condition of body or mind that makes it more difficult to perform activities and interact with the world around
(ex a difficulty seeing or speaking)
A structural disease, disorder, or syndrome means it is
A functional disease, disorder, or syndrome means there are no
felt and seen, a physical change within the body (ex an organ looks abnormal
there are no visible alterations
3 aspects of disability
Impairment, activity limitation, participation restriction
Impairment defintion
limitation occurs in a persons body structure or mental functioning (loss of limb, or memory loss)
Activity limitation definition
limitation involves a difficulty in seeing, hearing, walking and problem solving
Participation limitation definition
limitation occurs in normal daily activities such as working, engaging in social and recreational activities, and obtaining health care and preventative services
The 6 domains of cognitive functioning
VASELL
Executive functions (planning, reasoning)
Social cognition/emotions (self control)
Attention/ concentration (divided and selective attention)
Language (fluency and grammar)
Learning and memory (delayed and verbal memory)
Visuospatial and motor function (visual perception)
Functional disability refers to
Clinical disability refers to
memory, attention, comprehension
autism, down syndrome
Nonhereditary myositis ossificans
When the body creates new bone cells during the healing process after you are injured, lesion usually resolves itself if it is left untreated (but it can continue to grow)
commonly occurs after trauma to a muscle or broken bone
The study of how biologic and environmental signals determine gene expression
epigenetics
Preventable differences in burden of disease, injury, violence, or opportunities to achieve optimal health
Health disparities
Social determinants of health
Health care system, food, education, social context, neighborhood/ physical environment, economic stability
What is urban planning?
What are the elements of it?
being thoughtful about how we develop a community “a built environment” and how they support human activity
schools, grocery stores, parks, streets
Will treatment work if someone does not believe in it?
What elements should be considered in regards to physiological self regulation and health?
NO
support/ counseling, overall health, spiritual connection, healing potential
Pain is a massive modulator of …?
Treatment
Name a few common chronic pain conditions
arthritis
causalgia
cancer
persistent neck/back pain
fibromyalgia syndrome
Nociceptors are
sensory receptors for painful stimuli
Nociceptors are activated by (6) ….
neural factors, mechanical pressure, temperature, hormones, byproducts, cytokines
Other considerations for physiological self regulation (specific conditions)
trauma, depression, anxiety, sleep disturbances, disordered eating
Psychological eating disorders are anxiety about ?
Social eating disorders involve
Appearance
Cultural and family pressures
A disease that occurs when the body’s own immune system attacks your own tissues and organs
Lupus
Problems that may effect multiple systems in the body in regards to adverse drug events
adverse reactions, side effects, drug-drug interaction, overdoses, multiple meds
Common symptoms of adverse drug events
acne, eczema, blisters, itching/burning
Leading causes of death in the US
CVD, Cancer, Covid, unintentional injuries
Examples of epigenetic modulation
1 DNA methylation
2 Histone modification
3 RNA silencing
Genotype vs phenotype
G: the genetic makeup of an organism
Ph: observable physical properties of an organism (appearance and what you actually show)
What is tonic inhibition and its association with chronic pain
reduces the excitability of neurons, it inhibits ( restricts) pain
